BIO 110 Lecture Notes - Clinical Chemistry, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Oxidative Phosphorylation

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7 Feb 2023

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Biomolecules: the building blocks of life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Enzymes: proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, playing a crucial role in metabolic pathways. Metabolic pathways: series of reactions that convert nutrients into energy and building blocks for cells. Membrane transport: the movement of ions and molecules across cell membranes, regulated by transmembrane proteins. Dna and genetics: the genetic material that carries information for the synthesis of proteins, with speci c sequences determining inherited traits. Protein synthesis: the process by which cells build proteins from amino acids, regulated by. Hormones: chemical signals that regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism and growth. Clinical biochemistry: the application of biochemistry to the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Carbohydrate metabolism: the breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Lipid metabolism: the breakdown and utilization of lipids, including fatty acid oxidation and regulation of cholesterol levels.

Related Questions

There are about 30 enzymes in the key metabolic pathways in life(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis/TCA cycle). All of these enzymes havebeen isolated and characterized with respect to their kinetics inthe lab. Why is it difficult to relate this data to the metabolicpathway in vivo (live) human biochemistry? Consider thisfrom a biochemistry perspective with respect to: thermodynamics,equilibrium nature, and protein structure/function. Answer this ina few sentences.

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1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

There are about 30 enzymes in the key metabolic pathways in life(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis/TCA cycle). All of these enzymes havebeen isolated and characterized with respect to their kinetics inthe lab. Why is it difficult to relate this data to the metabolicpathway in vivo (live) human chemistry? Consider this froma biochemistry perspective with respect to: thermodynamics,equilibrium nature, and protein structure/function. Answer this ina few sentences.

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BIO 110 Lecture Notes - Clinical Chemistry, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Oxidative Phosphorylation

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