Answer the following questions on the text below:

Text to evaluate:
OPINION: No, COVID-19 vaccine passports and mandatory vaccination should not be instated to 'protect the health and safety of Canadians'

New Democratic Party Leader Jagmeet Singh was quoted last week with the suggestion that public servants who refuse the COVID-19 vaccine could be disciplined and ultimately fired using existing collective agreement clauses.
The leader of Canada's most labor-friendly party recommends these worker dismissals in order to "protect the health and safety of Canadians." This logic is so blatantly flawed that it calls Singh's leadership, and that of other Canadian politicians supporting this view, into question. It's so bad that it makes me suspect that these politicians are in the pocket of big pharma. Conflict of interest in government is rife, as well all know.

These charlatans want to prevent the unvaccinated from having basic rights like the right to travel, work, and live normal lives. They think we should stab vaccines even into the people that can't be vaccinated according to their own doctors - if they are immunocompromised or have an allergy. What is to become of these people?
It's unclear if the vaccines work, anyway. The trials conducted by the vaccine manufacturers have only recorded whether vaccinated people were less likely to get symptomatic COVID than the unvaccinated. The trials did not check for a reduction in "cases" as measured by positive SARS-CoV-2 tests without symptoms, nor in COVID-19 hospitalizations or deaths.

They also did not attempt to understand the impact of the vaccines on transmission. The interim authorization of the vaccines was based on their efficacy in reducing what amounts to cold symptoms in the vaccinated person.
Since the start of the mass vaccinations, researchers worldwide have examined whether vaccination does reduce the spread of COVID as a positive side effect. While it seems plausible that such an effect might occur, the results are meager. Some studies found modest reductions in the spread of the original SARS-CoV-2 variant, a far cry from "stopping" transmission. Those rogue scientists who call the vaccines a miracle cure are certainly not the smartest ones.
With the Delta variant, the effect has further shrunk and in a CDC-funded study, vaccinated individuals carried similar viral loads as the unvaccinated. According to the CDC, people who are double vaccinated can still spread the delta variant. According to recent research, hundreds of people who have been hospitalized with covid have had at least one vaccination. This shows that the vaccine does not prevent the transmission of the virus.

Countries like Israel and Iceland that have achieved high vaccination rates in the population are currently seeing their "case" counts rise dramatically. In the last two weeks, Israel's COVID-19 death count is now also following this concerning trajectory. This could have happened only if the vaccine was ineffective. It's clear what we should make of this.
Meanwhile, the province of Ontario with over 70% twice-vaccinated people is preparing for a fourth wave and already has significantly more cases, hospitalizations, and deaths than one year ago, when nobody was vaccinated. Perhaps being vaccinated is making people more willing to engage in risky behavior, so it in fact increases the danger rather than decreasing it.

So, what is a vaccine passport supposed to prove? What are vaccination mandates meant to achieve? Before Delta, vaccinated individuals may have been slightly less contagious than the unvaccinated. But with Delta, there does not appear to be a difference in spreading the virus. If anything, the vaccine works to protect the recipient only.
It is therefore nobody's business to know whether another person is vaccinated or not. And there is no reason to expect, pressure, or require another person to "take the jab." The campaign to vaccinate children and young adults is particularly offensive since they bear all the risks from short- and long-term adverse events and obtain no measurable benefits from the shot. Because there is a little protective effect, the advantages for individuals' safety are outweighed by the infringements on individuals' privacy. Expecting people to reveal their vaccine status before going on a plane to prevent covid is like asking people to reveal their financial status before entering a store to prevent thievery. There is no reason to think it would work, it infringes on people's privacy, and it's discriminatory. If this "financial status" policy was suggested by stores no one would accept it. And neither should we accept vaccine passports.

Requiring vaccine passports is definitely a step in the wrong direction. Some people have good reasons not to take the vaccine. I can't even pronounce most of the ingredients that go into these medications. Forcing people to be injected with something so unnatural can't be justified. Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) for the period of September 1 to December 12, 2020 show that over 23% of Canadians (excluding residents of the territories) aged 12 and older reported being unwilling to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Since nearly a quarter of Canadians are hesitant, we must respect the will of the people.

When we let the government chip away at our freedoms, who knows where it will end. Will the flu vaccine have similar mandates? If so, will our vaccine status also be made public? And if we allow this, what will stop them making all our private health information public, for anyone to see? We need to think carefully, or we could end up with no privacy at all.

Questions:

-Do a broad standardization of the main text below.

-Then evaluate the arguments in the article. You can structure this evaluation any way you prefer, for example, in order of when things are mentioned in the article or by theme (e.g., all fallacies in one section, all rhetorical devices in one section). Ensure that you discuss:
-Use of rhetoric/language in the article.
-Evaluate any particular argument types that you recognize(e.g., conditional arguments, categorical arguments, generalizations, causal argument, analogical, that you find in the main text (if there are relevant arguments in supplementary texts that are used to back up the claims in the main text, you can evaluate these too).
-Comment on and evaluate any fallacies you find in the text
-Comment on the strength of any remaining inferences and plausibility of any unsupported premises (may require research)
-Give an overall conclusion of whether the argument is good or bad, weighing up the evidence you have previously evaluated.

123bird

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. An indicator that compares the burden of deaths across the population of different countries.

B. A composite health gap indicator that measures the amount of health and disability-free life that is lost because of disease, injury, and premature death.

C. A WHO indicator used to summarize the expected number of years to be lived in good health.

QUESTION 27

What is an example of a conditional cash transfer that you can use to improve child health?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Provide tax breaks to families with children.

B. Give money to mothers whose children received a full course of vaccination.

C. Pay higher fees to vaccination programs with better outcomes.

QUESTION 28

What usually takes place during the demographic transition?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Fertility falls before mortality falls

B. Mortality falls and then fertility falls

C. Mortality and fertility fall at the same time

QUESTION 29

Which force is likely to have the greatest direct impact on epidemiological change in the medium and long terms on today's middle-income countries?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. Population growth

B. Population aging

C. Urbanization

QUESTION 30

Which is the most accurate statement about the distribution of age at death in Niger (a very low income country) and Norway (a very high income country) today?

Refer Case Study from question 1 to answer this question.

A. About 5% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

B. About 30% of the deaths in Niger are among those under 15, while the overwhelming majority of deaths in Norway are among those over 65.

C. The overwhelming majority of deaths in both countries occur among people aged 65 and over.