ENVS 2210 Lecture Notes - Royal Jelly, Trophallaxis, Beekeeping

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Bees reproduce at the individual and colony levels (queens and drones) Colony level reproduction production of several colonies by swarming. Half leaves with old queen, half stays with newly emerged queen. Interconnection colony level reproduction depends on the reproduction of the individuals. Sex ratio 5-20 thousand drones per <10 queens. Sperm cells are abundant ovules are not as abundant (drones are like flying gametes) So many drones to ensure that each queen doing her mating flight is inseminated sufficiently. Under normal conditions a colony has a single reproductive female, the queen. Under certain circumstances such as the sudden loss of the queen, or during swarming or supersedure events, the queen is replaced. Producing queen substance (foraging stimulation, prevent ovaries) Each worker in the colony receives her dose of queen substance. Don"t need to see the queen or be in physical contact. Queenless colonies result from unsuccessful queen replacement.

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