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HEALTH EDUCATION Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Tuberculum Sellae, Sphenoid Bone, Sella Turcica

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jaazz
20 Oct 2022
School
Kerala University of Health Sciences - KUHS
Department
Public Health
Course
HEALTH EDUCATION
Professor

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Document Summary

The sphenoid bone is one of the eight bones that make up the cranium the superior aspect of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. Its name is derived from the greek sphenoeides", to mean wedge-shaped. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the sphenoid bone its location, structure, and clinical significance. Fig 1 the position of the sphenoid bone (yellow) within the facial skeleton. The sphenoid bone is said to be butterfly-shaped . It consists of a body, paired greater wings and lesser wings, and two pterygoid processes. The body lies at the centre of the sphenoid bone, and is almost completely cubical in shape. It contains the sphenoidal sinuses, which are separated by a septum meaning that the sphenoid body is essentially hollow. The body articulates with the ethmoid bone anteriorly, and it is here that the sinuses open up into the nasal cavity.

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Related Questions

1.Name the bone that has the following structures and foramina: Mastoid process, Styloid process, External acoustic/auditory meatus (answer is one word)

2.Name the bone of the skull that has the following parts and foramina: Foramen rotundum, Sella turcica, Optic canal. Greater wing (answer is one word)

3.Which bone, along with the Vomer, forms the nasal septum? (answer is one word)

4.What term is used to describe the group that includes Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid bones (answer is one word)

Please answer the questions below are about the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis (HPG Axis).

1. Generally, when a dog is neutered the veterinarian removes the testicles. How does this procedure alter the secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH?

2. The pituitary gland is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is attached to the brain by a thin stalk made up of blood vessels and nervous tissue. A traumatic brain injury can result in the stalk being torn from the brain. If this occurs how would testosterone secretion be affected?

3. If an athlete is injecting testosterone what happens to GnRH, LH and FSH secretion?

4. When a male athlete injects testosterone the testicles generally get smaller. Why does this occur?

5. What happens to spermatogenesis when a male athlete injects testosterone?

6. GnRH agonists are used to treat women with endometriosis. How would testosterone secretion be affected in the short term and in the long term?

7. When a female gets pregnant the corpus luteum of the ovary secretes progesterone. What happens to GnRH, LH, and FSH during pregnancy?

6.1 Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage help form the skeleton

  1. Describe the functional properties [and locations] of the three types of cartilage tissue. 2 pts*

a. Hyaline cartilages: functional properties & locations

b. Elastic cartilages: functional properties & locations

c. Fibrocartilages: functional properties & locations

  1. Locate the major cartilages of the adult skeleton. No response needed.
  2. Explain how cartilage grows. 1 pt

 

6.2 Bones perform several important functions

  1. List and describe seven important functions of bones. 2 pts

a. Function #1: describe

b. Function #2: describe

Etc.

 

6.3 Bones are classified by their location and shape

  1. Name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions. No response needed.
  2. Compare and contrast the structure of the four bone classes and provide examples of each class. 2 pts

a. Class #1: structure and examples

b. Class #2: structure and examples

Etc.

 

6.4 The gross structure of all bones consists of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone

  1. Describe the gross anatomy of a typical flat bone and a long bone. No response needed for this first part. Indicate the locations & functions of red & yellow marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum and endosteum. 3 pts

a. Red marrow: location and function

b. Yellow marrow: location and function

c. Articular cartilage: location and function

d. Periosteum: location and function

e. Endosteum: location and functions

  1. Indicate the functional importance of bone markings. 1 pt
  2. Describe the histology of compact and spongy bone. 2 pts

a. Histology of compact bone (Hint: osteons)

b. Histology of spongy bone (Hint: trabeculae)

  1. Discuss the chemical composition of bone and the advantages conferred by the organic and inorganic components. 2 pts

a. Organic components and advantages

b. Inorganic components and advantages

 

6.5 Bones develop either by intramembranous or endochondral ossification

  1. Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. 1 pt (Hint: do NOT outline individual steps. Look at the overall processes.)
  2. Describe the process of long bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plates. 1 pt

 

6.6 Bone remodeling involves bone deposit and removal

  1. Compare the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. 1 pt

a. Osteoblasts: location and remodeling function

b. Osteocytes: location and remodeling function

c. Osteoclasts: location and remodeling function

  1. Explain how hormones and physical [mechanical] stress regulate bone remodeling. 2 pts

a. Hormones: explain how hormones regulate remodeling

b. Physical [mechanical] stress: explain how stress regulates remodeling

 

6.7 Bone repair involves hematoma and callus formation, and remodeling

  1. Describe the steps of fracture repair. 1 pt

a. Step #1: describe

b. Step #2: describe

Etc.

 

6.8 Bone disorders result from abnormal bone deposition and resorption

  1. Contrast the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and Paget’s disease. 1.5 pts a. Osteomalacia: contrast with other 2 disorders

b. Osteoporosis: contrast with other 2 disorders

c. Paget’s disease: contrast with other 2 disorders

 

Developmental Aspects of Bones: Timing of Events

  1. Describe the timing and cause of changes in bone architecture and bone mass throughout life. 1.5 pts

 

SYSTEM CONNECTIONS: Homeostatic Interrelationships between the Skeletal System and Other Body Systems, p. 195

  1. Choose TWO other body systems and state their interrelationship with the skeletal system 1 pt
  1. System #1: interrelationship with skeletal system
  2. System #2: interrelationship with skeletal system