BIOL 240 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Umami, Limbic System, Vomeronasal Organ

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magentaraven992

20 Oct 2022

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McGill University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 240

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Document Summary

Rodents and maybe humans have pheromones: olfactory structure in the nasal cavity called vomeronasal organ (vno) > involved with behavioural responses to sex pheromones. In humans, it disappears during fetal development and we respond to airborne chemicals- only new borns have it. Taste: our main taste receptor cells are clustered in taste buds. Each taste bud has 100 receptor cells- they are epithelial cells not neurons; arranged like petals and contact the oral cavity via the taste pore. We have 5000 taste buds mainly on top of tongue but also soft palate, epiglottis and upper esophagus. Taste buds live for 10 days only; then they get replaced: each taste bud has at least 5 kinds of receptor cells. Each kind of receptor detects one avour. All 5 have clear biological roles: sweet receptors > detect sugar > energy, umami receptors > detect amino acid glutamate (msg: monosodium glutamate) > indicates protein to build body, bitter receptors > detect poison.

Related Questions

1/ G-proteins are a commonly found in cell signaling pathways, which of the following events normally activates a GTP-binding protein?

(a) GTP hydrolysis by the protein

(b)Activation of an upstream GTPase-activating protein

(c)Exchange GDP for GTP by the activation of an upstream guanine nucleotide exchange factor(GEF)

(d)Pi release after GTP hydrolysis

2/ Which of the following inactivates a G-protein?

(a) The Î² subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.

(b) The GDT bound to the Î± subunit is hydrolyzed and forms GDP

(c)The Î± subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.

(d) TheÎ²Î³ complex inactivates the G-protein

3/ Olfactory receptors where first hypothesized to be numerous receptor types that were able to recognize specific odorants. We now know that olfactory receptors are made up of ONE receptor family, which is one of the largest gene families know in the human genome. Which of the receptors below comprise the olfactory receptor family?

(a)RTK

(b) Delta-Notch

(d) Ion Channel Receptors

4/ Which of the following are possible responses a cell may have as a result of activation of a cell signaling pathway?

(a) Change in gene expression

(b) Alteration of activity of metabolic enzymes

(d) All of these

5/ Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?

(a) The cytoskeleton is made up of three types of protein filaments.

(b) The cytoskeleton controls the location of organelles in eukaryotic cells.

(d) The cytoskeleton of a cell can change in response to the environment.

amethystdog108

Sensory systems

1.All sensory input arrives at the central nervous system in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent neurons. Perception of the type and intensity of a stimulus depends on which part of the brain the impulse projects to and the firing frequency the sensory neuron.

A.action potentials B.receptor potentials C.reflexes D.frequency localizations E.thresholds

2.The simplest sensory receptors are __________ that respond to mechanical distortion,changes in temperature, or specific chemicals.

A.nociceptors B.free nerve endings C.gated channels D.photoreceptors. E.ganglia

3.When membrane proteins on an olfactory neuron are stimulated by the binding of a specific chemical, what is the immediate result?

A.membrane depolarization B.membrane repolarization C.active ion transport D.membrane hyperpolarization E.neurotransmitter release

5.The lateral line system provides ________ with a sense of "distant touch," enabling these animals to sense objects that reflect pressure waves and low-frequency vibrations.

A.adult amphibians B.reptiles C.birds D.mammals E.fish

6.Which correctly represents the sequence of steps involved to convey sensory information to the CNS?

A.stimulation and ion flow through the synaptic cleft B.neurotransmitter release and interpretation
C.neurotransmitter release and ion flow through the synaptic cleft D.stimulation, transduction, transmission, and interpretation E.stimulation, transmission, and neurotransmitter release

7.Which of the following stimuli do vertebrates NOT have a specialized receptor for?

A.hearing B.taste C.smell D.humidity E.vision

8.Which of the following is NOT an example of a mechanoreceptor?

A.Meissner's corpuscles B.Ruffini endings C.Merkel cells D.red corpuscles E.Pacinian corpuscles

9.What are the receptors called that transmit impulses that are perceived by the brain as pain?
A. baroreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors
D. thermoreceptors E. propioceptors

10. Which of the following do humans NOT have taste buds specialized to sense?

A. salty B. sour. C. sweet. D. vitamins E. bitter

1) Interpretation of emotion isgoverned by the ___, and expression of emotion is governed by the___.

a. hippocampus, limbic system

b. limbic system, prefrontalcortex

c. hypothalamus,hippocampus

d. prefrontal cortex,amygdala

2) When a neurotransmitter opensa chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter thepostsynaptic cell and depolarize it, the result is an:

A: EPSP

B: IPSP

3) The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary controlover skeletal muscles is the ____ division.

a. autonomic motor

b. somatic sensory

c. somatic motor

d. visceral sensory

4) The cranial nerve responsible for movement ofthe medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferioroblique muscles is the __________ nerve.

a. oculomotor

b. trochlear

c. abducens

d. trigeminal

5) The superior colliculi helpyou respond to:

a. somatic stimuli, for example,when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm

b. visual stimuli, for example,when you turn toward a bright flash of light

c. internal stimuli from yourviscera, for example, when you feel abdominal pain

d. auditory stimuli, for example,when you turn toward a loud bang

6) Glial cells differ from neurons in thatthey:

a. transmit nerve impulses muchmore slowly

b. are found only in thePNS

c. are smaller and capable of mitosis

d. are larger and capable of mitosis

7) Association areas:

a. correlate similar functions from the same lobes on theopposite side of the brain

b. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of pastexperiences

c. correlate similar functions from different lobes on the sameside of the brain

d. correlate information from opposite sides of the brain

8) This is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron

a. Mitochondria

b. Nucleus

c. Nissl body

d. Golgi body

please please help me....... T_T

ivorygoldfish181

BIOL 240 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Umami, Limbic System, Vomeronasal Organ

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