BIOL 3670 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Spiny Softshell Turtle, Canadian Wildlife Federation, Atlantic Puffin

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14 Oct 2022

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University of Guelph

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 3670

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Spiny softshell turtle- these turtles hibernate underwater in the sand for the winter season. They are able to go the entire winter without breathing by absorbing little mounts of oxygen through their cloaca and their mouth. (5) Orca whale- orcas (commonly known as killer whales) are actually the largest member in the dolphin family. They measure between 7-9 metres long and 4-5 tonnes each. (4) Porcupine- porcupines have over 30 000 hollow quills with the ones near the back/tail being the longest. (3) Grey catbirds- these birds are able to recognize cowbird eggs and remove them from their nests. Cowbirds are nest parasites and not many other bird species are able to recognize this parasite. (1) Atlantic puffin- puffins mate and keep the same burrow for life. Both the male and the female share responsibilities of incubating the eggs and feeding their chicks. (2) References: grey catbird canadian wildlife federation, https://cwf- fcf. org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/birds/gray-catbird. html, atlantic puffin .

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QUESTION 3

Which of the following would NOT be a good method for sortingout the evolutionary relationships between a parrot, gorilla,hippopotamus, starfish, and catfish?

		comparing the skeletal anatomy
		examining the habitat in which these organisms live
		looking at embryos for common developmental patterns
		comparing the nucleotide sequence divergence of selectedgenes
		all of the above would provide useful information

10 points

QUESTION 4

Which of these habitats should have the highest number ofendemic species (found there and nowhere else).

		grasslands of the central United States
		Hawaiian islands
		Amazonian rainforest basin
		Mississippi river

10 points

QUESTION 5

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent withmodification through variation and natural selection" can bedemonstrated by which of the following examples?

		A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches. Theexercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck andlegs. This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe'soffspring.
		A monkey accidently drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay,she recovers the fruit and eats it. She discovers that the fruit iscleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water. Shecontinues to wash fruit in the bay before eating. Her offspring seewhat she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water.Soon the whole population is washing their fruit
		Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sandon a beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the othersare darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but oneby one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand coloredturtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes toa darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that arealso sand colored when they are born
		A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has theability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water.The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of preyand eaten

10 points

QUESTION 6

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands,allowing him to compare island species with continental species. Interms of framing his theory of evolution, why was thissignificant?

		Because the island species had both similarities to theircontinental ancestors and unique adaptations to their islandenvironments
		Because the island species no longer shared traits with theircontinental ancestors
		Because the species he saw on the islands had not changed fromtheir ancestral continental form
		Because the island species had very low reproductive andsurvival rates as compared with their continental ancestors

1. Humans have the scientific name Homo sapiens. We are members of the family Pongidae, in the order Primates, in the class Mammalia, in the phylum Chordata. Based only on this information, which of the following is not a correct statement?

a. The speciation event (lineage-splitting) that generated the genus Homo occurred earlier than the speciation event that generated the species H. sapiens.

b. The most inclusive of these taxonomic groups is Chordata.

c. The genus Homo might have as many species as are in the entire family Pongidae.

d. There can be no other species in the genus Homo.

e. All mammals must be Chordates.

2. Endotherms differ from ectotherms in that:

a. Environmental temperature has little effect on the energy budget of endotherms but a strong effect on the energy budget of ectotherms.

b. An endotherm's metabolic rate is not affected by temperature whereas the metabolism of an ectotherm has a Q10 of 2-3.

c. Endotherms are vertebrates and ectotherms are invertebrates.

d. On average, endotherms are much better sprinters (i.e., can run faster for short distances) than ectotherms.

e. Endotherms are much better able to support endurance exercise than ectotherms.

3. You measure oxygen consumption of a lizard at three temperatures, as follows: 18 Â°C: 0.090 ml O2/min 23 Â°C: 0.135 ml O2/min 28 Â°C: 0.200 ml O2/min From these data you calculate the Q10 to be:

a. 1.8

b. 2.0

c. 2.2

d. 2.5

e. none of these are correct.

4. What is the best description of how evolution by selection (natural or artificial) works?

a. mutation generates variation randomly, sex makes new combinations of genes randomly, and selection picks the best ones for reproduction.

b. selection leads to non-random mutation to make useful new alleles, which are then combined by sex.

c. exposure to environmental factors leads to non-random mutations that improve fitness.

d. through selection, mutations occur in those genes that will improve fitness.

e. mutation generates random new alleles, and sex combines them in ways that select the best for future generations.

5. Which of the following is a correct match between a major lineage and its characteristics?

a. Archaea: extremophiles, ribosomes, RNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

b. Eukarya: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, photosynthetic or chemohetrotrophic

c. Bacteria: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

d. Eumetazoa: extremophiles, ribosomes, DNA as genetic material, nuclear membrane, chemoheterotrophic

e. Protostomes: triploblastic, eucoelomate, blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate cleavage

6. Which of the following statements about animal life history events is correct?

a. Being multicellular requires a larval stage in the life cycle.

b. Mutation is sufficient to produce considerable genetic variation between different tissues in an individual.

c. Senescence is defined by slow, constant decline in survival as individuals get older.

d. Different cell types are formed when different but specific portions of the zygoteâs DNA are lost from the different germ layers during development.

e. In an individual, the only cells that differ genetically from other cells are gametes.

7. Which of the following statements about terrestrial vertebrates is correct?

a. Jaws evolved from paired appendages, which in turn evolved because they improved swimming ability.

b. Legs evolved from fins after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land.

c. Jaws and inner ear bones evolved from gill arches, and leglike appendages evolved under selection for aquatic locomotion.

d. Viviparity (giving birth to well-developed young instead of laying eggs) was vital to the ability to reproduce on land without returning to the water.

e. Lungs for breathing air evolved after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land (the first land vertebrates had to depend on gills for breathing air)

8. The essential features of a hydrostatic skeleton include:

a. antagonistic muscles.

b. a non-deformable fluid-filled space

c. flexible joints.

d. compressible material capable of changing volume

e. all of the above (a) â (d) are correct.

9. You are a Peace Corps volunteer physician in a developing country. You notice that some of the villages you visit have a high incidence of a parasitic disease, but other nearby villages are unaffected. Investigating you find the villages with disease are in wet areas with lots of snails and frogs, while the disease-free villages are in drier places but have lots of insects and mice. From this information, what might you reasonably conclude about the type of parasite responsible for the disease?

a. Itâs a trematode (these need mollusks as intermediate hosts).

b. Itâs a nematode (these are vectored mainly by frogs).

c. Itâs an apicomplexan parasite (these require wet areas and enter the skin through standing water).

d. Itâs a trypanosome (these are transmitted by mammal bites).

e. The information doesnât provide useful clues about the type of parasite.

10. Which of the following pairs of primary diagnostic characters is correctly matched with taxonomic groups?

a. circulatory system vs. water vascular system: Nematoda vs. Echinodermata

b. schizocoely vs. enterocoely: Radiata vs. Bilateria

c. pharyngeal slits vs. polyp and medusa: Chordata vs. Cnidaria

d. gastrovascular cavity vs. complete gut: Cnidaria vs. Cestoda

e. hemocoel vs. contractile vacuole: apicomplexans vs. rhizopoda

Please provide explanation too.

**For each answer, explain why when possible.**

1.) Cats contain a chromosome # of 2N=38. How many chromosomeswould be located in a maturing sperm in a feline testis, assumingthat the sperm has entered Meiosis II?

-76
-19
-38
-32

2.) A sperm is small and an egg is large. Why could this be? Canchoose more than one answer.

-Eggs need to be able to move completely outside of the mother forfertilization.
-Eggs are stationary and contain a supply of proteins, mRNAs,stored energy etc of the embryo-to-be.
-Sperm are motile, sometimes traveling considerable distances (on acellular scale).
-Twins will results from eggs that have the same genetic materialoriginally.

3.) Tons of organisms have evolved sex as a means of reproduction.Why? Tough question, choose the one most sensible answer.

-Sex helps an organism reproduce faster than any othermethod.
-Sex allows greater genetic variation in a population.
-Sex allows a species to mutate more accurately.
-Sex speeds up the rate of natural selection on a mutation.

4.) Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be spread from otheranimal species to us. In this part of the lab we'll be taking somereasonable precautions to make sure that we don't allow unduecontact between their parasites and the interior of our bodies. Whyare we more vigilant about zoonotic diseases for the Gametogenesislab?

-The samples are fresh (they were part of a living organism just aday before)
-The samples are from mammals, so their parasites are closerevolved to us
-We are using sharp tools and razor blades, making access into ourbloodstream potentially easier
-The samples are from warm-blooded animals which have similardiseases to ours

5.) Echinarachnius parma (the common sand dollar) releases largeamounts of sperm and oocytes into the water. To avoid wasting spermwhenever possible, these gamete cells will not self-fertilize. Thismeans that you (Choose one):

-Will need to use sperm and eggs from different individuals inorder to successfully fertilize the oocytes.
-Can use room temperature conditions.
-Don't need to worry where the oocytes came from.
-Should focus your microscope as quickly as possible.

BIOL 3670 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Spiny Softshell Turtle, Canadian Wildlife Federation, Atlantic Puffin

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