ITI 1100 Lecture Notes - Karnaugh Map, Maurice Karnaugh, Binary Number

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jordster02

10 Oct 2022

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University of Ottawa

Department

Information Technology

Course

ITI 1100

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Lecture 6 - gate level minimization (chapter 3 part 1) An alternate approach to representing boolean functions. Easy conversion from truth table to k-map. Much faster and more efficient than previous minimization techniques with boolean algebra. Assign the value of the outputs to the corresponding minterms in the k-map. F (a,b,c,d)= a"b"c"d"+a"bc"d"+ ab"c"d" + a"bc"d+ abc"d + abcd"+ab"cd". Consider the squares with 1"s to simplify sop. Consider the squares with 0"s to simplify pos. K-map is ideally suited for four or less variables, becoming cumbersome for five or more variables. Map is arranged such that two neighbors differ in only one variable (e. g. abc +abc") Two terms must be adjacent in the map. A k-map of n variables will have 2n squares. For a boolean expression, product terms are denoted by 1"s, while sum terms are denoted by 0"s or left blank (represented by minterms in the map) Groups of squares are formed in considering the following rules:

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Q3: Summarize the following article in your own words for nontechnical readers interested in current voice cloning technologies. Reduce to roughly 25% of the original text. Include the in-text citation and end-of text reference using IEEE style.

Modern Social Engineering Voice Cloning Technologies

by S. Sokolov, O. M. Alimov October 9, 2020

Published in IEEE Xplore (pp. 513-514) doi: 10.1109/EIConRus49466.2020.9038954

Over the past few years, technologies capable of recognizing the human voice have made tremendous advances. The voice biometrics of each person is unique, which allows it to be used as an authenticator of a specific user. In 1952, the first voice recognizer from 0 to 9 was introduced, developed by Bell. This was the first major step in the development of speech recognition technology. Nowadays, people can observe a wide range of use of voice recognition technologies both in security systems and in ordinary and entertainment fields. This makes it easier to solve human problems and gradually become an integral part of life.

The first mass-produced speech recognition product was released in 1990 - it was Dragon Dictate. IBM introduced ViaVoice in 1994, and Bell introduced the Val telephone system in 1995 to automate dispatchers and call routing. At the moment, the most popular speech recognition technologies have contributed to smartphones, the development of which since 2011 began the integration of digital (or virtual) assistants.

Over time, the set of features gradually increases, but the functions and availability of services depend on the language, country, and region. Modern speech recognition technologies are also used in banking systems (voice authorization system), security systems, "smart homes", household appliances, social services for people with disabilities, in-car systems, and others.

Nowadays, the number of services using voice control is growing steadily. Many of the largest digital technology companies have or are preparing to introduce a digital assistant. This list includes Alibaba (AliGenie), Amazon (Alexa), Apple (Siri), Facebook (M / Aloha), Google (Assistant), Samsung (Bixby). Now we can say that virtual assistants are still in their infancy, but already now companies are developing their development vector aimed at achieving different goals. And the systems of "smart home", shown back in the 80s and 90s in films and on television, ceased to be expensive and inaccessible. Now this management is not much gone from the first type, people just began to include in their voices what they turned on with their hands. But these systems will be able to increase their capabilities with further development.

At the moment, technology allows people not only to recognize the speech delivered by a particular person, but also to imitate the necessary voice. Nowadays, neural networks synthesizing the voice of specific people are actively gaining popularity. A system based on a neural network is capable of cloning a human voice based on the analysis of even a very short fragment of the source material. Programs not only very well imitate human speech, but also are able to introduce their own peculiarities into it like an accent.

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For many of us, smartphones have become indispensable, but they have also come under fire
for their impact on the way we think and behave, especially among children. Two of the largest
investors in Apple Inc. are urging the iPhone maker to take action against smartphone addiction
among children over growing concerns about the negative effects of technology. An open letter
to Apple on January 6, 2018 from New York-based JANA Partners and the California State
Teachers’ Retirement System (CalSTRS) stated that the firm must do more to help children
fight smartphone addiction. These two shareholders together control about $2 billion in Apple
stock. The investors’ letter urged Apple to offer tools to prevent smartphone addiction and to
provide more parental options for monitoring children’s smartphone usage. The iOS operating
system for Apple smartphones and tablets already has limited parental controls for restricting
Examiners: Dr. Emmanuel Awuni and Dr. Acheampong Owusu Page 2 of 4
apps, features such as location sharing, and access to certain types of content. The investors
felt Apple needs to do more—for example, enable parents to specify the age of the user of the
phone during setup, establish limits on screen time, select hours of the day the phone can be
used, and block social media services.
The average American teenager who uses a smartphone receives his or her first phone at age
10 and spends over 4.5 hours a day on it (excluding texting and talking). Seventy-eight percent
of teens check their phones at least hourly and 50 percent report feeling “addicted” to their
phones. The investors’ letter cited a number of studies on the negative effects of heavy
smartphone and social media use on the mental and physical health of children whose brains
are still developing. These range from distractions in the classroom to a higher risk of suicide
and depression. A recent survey of over 2,300 teachers by them Center on Media and Child
Health and the University of Alberta found that 67 percent of the teachers reported that the
number of students who are negatively distracted by digital technologies in the classroom is
growing. Seventy-five percent of these teachers think students’ ability to focus on educational
tasks has decreased. Research by psychology professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State
University found that U.S. teenagers who spend 3 hours a day or more on electronic devices
are 35 percent more likely, and those who spend 5 hours, or more are 71 percent more likely,
to have a risk factor for suicide than those who spend less than 1 hour. This research also
showed that eighth-graders who are heavy users of social media have a 27 percent higher risk
of depression. Those who spend more than the average time playing sports, hanging out with
friends in person, or doing homework have a significantly lower risk. Additionally, teens who
spend 5 or more hours a day on electronic devices are 51 percent more likely to get less than 7
hours of sleep per night (versus the recommended 9).
Nicholas Carr, who has studied the impact of technology on business and culture, shares these
concerns. He has been highly critical of the Internet’s effect on cognition, and these cognitive
effects extend to smartphone use. Carr worries that excessive use of mobile devices diminishes
the capacity for concentration and contemplation. Carr recognizes that smartphones provide
many useful functions in a very handy form. However, this extraordinary usefulness gives them
too much influence on our attention, thinking, and behaviour. Smartphones shape our thoughts
in deep and complicated ways, and their effects persist even when we aren’t using the devices.
Research suggests that the intellect weakens as the brain grows dependent on the technology.
Carr points to the work of Adrian Ward, a cognitive psychologist and marketing professor at
the University of Texas at Austin, who for a decade has been studying how smartphones and
the Internet affect people’s thoughts and judgment. Ward has observed that using a smartphone,
or even hearing one ring or vibrate, produces distractions that make it harder to concentrate on
a difficult problem or job. Divided attention impedes reasoning and performance.
A study published in Applied Cognitive Psychology in April 2017 examined how smartphones
affected learning in a lecture class with 160 students at the University of Arkansas at
Monticello. It found that students who didn’t bring their phones to the classroom scored a full
letter-grade higher on a test of the material presented than those who brought their phones. It
didn’t matter whether students who brought their phones used them or not. A study of 91 U.K.
secondary schools, published in 2016 in the journal Labour Economics, found that when
schools ban smartphones, students’ examination scores go up substantially, and the weakest
students benefit the most. Carr also observes that using smartphones extensively can be
detrimental to social skills and relationships. Connecting with “friends” electronically via
smartphones is not a substitute for genuine person-to-person relationships and face-to-face
conversations.

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ITI 1100 Lecture Notes - Karnaugh Map, Maurice Karnaugh, Binary Number

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