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ME 212 Lecture 1: CHAIN DRIVE

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mcavan412
24 Jun 2022
School
University of Cebu
Department
Engineering
Course
ME 212
Professor

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Document Summary

Is a mechanically operating system where different types of chains are used to transmit the power or for movement of somethings. Is used where the distance between the power produced and where it to be transferred is less, however, this is not applicable for all. In some cases, we can use a chain drive for longer distances power transfer. In belt or rope drive we see there is some percent of slip occurs, but in the chain, there will be no slip. But this does not mean that 100% power is transmitted from one to another device due to friction loss some amount of power loss we can generally see. In chain drive, the speed ratio remains constant which is a major advantage of chain drive and here there is no slippage and in case of belt drive, there is slippage so speed ratio changes as per slippage.

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Related Questions

Diffusion Lab
Overview:
In this lab you will investigate how molecules transport in a cell through diffusion and osmosis. You will observe both diffusion and osmosis using an egg and three different substances. You will write a hypothesis, perform an experiment, record observations, collect data, and answer questions after the lab. Below you will find the materials needed for the lab, the procedure for conducting the lab, and a sample layout for your lab notebook page.
Background Information:
The cell membrane surrounds every cell and is the organelle that regulates what moves into and out of a cell. They are selectively permeable which means they only allow certain things to move across the membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. It is a type of passive transport meaning that it does not require energy from the cell.
Osmosis is the process where water molecules diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
For the Lab:
This lab should be done over four consecutive days. You will need to obtain these materials. You should create a lab notebook page to record your hypothesis, observations, and write your conclusions. You can create the notebook page on paper or on a computer.
Materials:
  •  1 raw egg
  •  Container that will hold 2 cups or more (It should be large enough to fully submerge the egg in a liquid)
  •  Tape measure
  •  Vinegar
  •  Corn syrup
  •  Distilled water
  •  Plastic Wrap
Note: Nothing in this lab should harm you, but be careful and ask for help if you need it. Wash your hands every time after you handle the egg and clean your lab area after each day. If you need assistance get adult supervision.
 
Lab Procedure:
Start by writing a hypothesis to answer the following experiment question: Make sure the hypothesis is in the "if, then" format.
 
What happens to a raw egg when it is covered first in vinegar, then corn syrup, and then distilled water?
 
Perform the experiment over 4 consecutive days at about the same time each day. Below you will find instructions for each day:
Day 1:
1. Measure the egg's circumference in centimeters using the tape measure. Record the measurement on the observation table.
2. Record any "before" observations about the egg's appearance (color, shape, texture, size).
3. Carefully place the egg in the container and add vinegar until the egg is fully covered.
4. Cover the container with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 2:
1. Very carefully take the egg out of the vinegar and dry it off.
2. Measure the egg's circumference using the tape measure. Record the measurement on your observation table.
3. Record any "after" observations on your observation table.
4. Clean out the container with soap and water and place the egg back in the container.
5. Add corn syrup until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.
6. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 3:
1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Day 2 .
2. Add distilled water to the container until the egg is fully covered. Record any "before" observations on your observation table.
3. Cover with plastic wrap and leave overnight.
Day 4:
1. Repeat steps 1-3 from Day 2 .
2. Clean the container and throw away the egg.
When recording the circumference of the egg do so in centimeters. Your observations should describe the appearance of the egg and any other important facts you notice. Look at the color, size, shape, texture and anything that changes about the egg throughout the experiment.
 
Below is a sample of how to set up your lab page to record your experimental data. You should leave as much space as needed for each part.
Sample Lab Notebook Setup:
Diffusion Lab
Hypothesis:
Observation Table
 
Post-Lab Questions:
1.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in vinegar for 24 hours.
2.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in corn syrup for 24 hours.
3.Describe what happened to the egg after soaking it in the distilled water for 24 hours.
4.How did you see diffusion and osmosis in this lab?
Fill in the chart as you go through the experiment. When done with the experiment answer the post lab questions. Submit your lab page with your observations and answers to the post-lab questions. You can submit either a picture of your work or upload a document.
Things to remember:
  •  Qualitative observations describe appearance (color, texture, shape, size, smell, etc.)
  •  The variables in this lab are vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water.
  •  The controlled variables are the egg, beaker, and the time the egg is exposed to each substance.
  •  The independent variable is the substance the egg is submerged in (vinegar, corn syrup, and distilled water).
  •  The dependent variable is what happens to the egg after being exposed to the three different substances.
Biology Special Lesson: Diffusion Lab
This rubric is an outline of how the lab information you submit will be graded.
Grading Rubric

Saturn V First-Stage Structural Analysis The first stage of the Saturn V (also called the S-IC) provided thrust to lift the second stage, third stage, and payload to an altitude of about 100km within the first 150 seconds of flight, at which point it experienced a maximum acceleration of 38𝑚/𝑠2 . The first stage structure (the shell around the propellant tanks) transmitted the force produced by the engines to the upper stages through its outer skin. This skin was composed of 2219-T87 aluminum, which has a Young's modulus of 73.1GPa, a yield strength of 390MPa, a density of 2840 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and a thermal expansion coefficient of 22 ∗ 10-6𝐾-1 . We will perform an analysis of the S-IC structure and the loads it carried through a series of scenarios. The exception is for Part 5, which must be done by hand as it requires significant drawing and only uses symbolic variables, no numerical calculations. I also recommend setting up the equations for Part 4 by hand and then using the .m file to perform the actual computations. 

 

Part 1: 

 The S-IC stage shell was required to support the load of the second stage, third stage, instrument unit, and Apollo spacecraft modules, both on the pad and during launch. The maximum mass it had to support was when the fully-fueled vehicle was sitting on the pad, and the maximum acceleration it experienced was immediately before stage burnout (when the S-IC was empty but all the other stages were full). Assume the S-IC tank structure is a smooth cylinder with an outer diameter of 10 meters, a thickness of 5.5 mm, and a height of 41 meters when nothing is mounted on top of it. The empty mass of everything above the stage is 9.7 ∗ 104 𝑘𝑔, and the mass of everything above the stage is 2.9 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑔 when fully fueled. 

Find:

• How much the stage shrinks when the empty stages are placed atop the S-IC

• How much the stage shrinks when the vehicle is fully fueled 

• How much the stage shrinks under full acceleration 

• The average axial stress experienced in each of these three cases

• The factor of safety in each of these three cases Ignore the mass of the S-IC structure itself and propellant; all we care about is how the tank has to deal with supporting the masses above it.

 

Part 2: 

 In reality, the stage did not have a uniform cross section; it was composed of steps of decreasing thickness toward the top of the S-IC, to save structural mass. Suppose the tank wall thickness decreased from 6.5 mm at the bottom to 4.3 mm at the top in eight steps of equal height. Each of the eight "rings" would have a constant wall thickness, the same height as the other rings, and the total height of the stage would still be 41 meters. Repeat the first three bullet points from Part 1, to find how much the stage will contract with the stepped cross sections instead of the uniform. Additionally, find the mass savings by constructing the tank in this manner.

 

Part 3: 

If the 41m height measurement given in Part 1 was taken at an ambient temperature of 25C, how much would the entire S-IC shrink due to thermal contraction (with no load atop the stage) at an operating temperature of -100C? You may choose either the uniform or stepped cross-section configuration from Part 1 or Part 2 to solve this problem, but there is one optimal solution within the scope of this project. Explain which option you chose and why. 

 

Part 4: Consider the planar truss section shown. Suppose four of these held the S-IC stage upright on the mobile launch platform. If the weight each had to support was 6.9MN (labeled F in the diagram), find the reaction forces at joints B and C (a total of three quantities) and the internal forces in the rods AB, AC, and BC. You may assume that the load is balanced and there is no moment about point A. ABC is an equilateral triangle. Be sure to include your sanity check of the static equilibrium of the whole structure. Briefly describe why the analysis would be complicated by making point C a fixed reaction joint like point B instead of a roller joint. 

 

Part 5:  Draw a SMD for the transverse axis of the S-IC using symbolic values (no numbers). The diagram should reflect: 1. A constant, even transverse pressure the vehicle experiences due to wind at the pad (note that this must include the wind pressure experienced by the upper stages, collectively referred to as 𝑃𝑊). 2. The fixed base of the vehicle on the pad. 3. A fueling arm located at 𝑙/2 from the base of the rocket that exerts a load 𝑃𝑓 in a direction counter to the wind. 𝑃𝑓 is not large enough to counteract all the shear experienced by the stage at station 𝑙/2. 07 Apr 2022 Hint: for this problem, continue drawing the SMD along the X axis, with the fixed base at the bottom of the rocket.

 

 Part 6: 

The LOX tank bottom is hemispherical, with a total tank height of 19.5 meters tip-to-tip. Suppose the tank were pressurized to 151 kPa and contained LOX with a density of 1141 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 . Use the Bernoulli equation to find the pressure at the bottom of the tank (at surface gravity) and the thin wall pressure vessel stress experienced by the bottom of the hemispherical tank bottom. At burnout, the tank was empty of liquid oxygen but still under gaseous pressure of 151 kPa. Find the longitudinal and circumferential stresses about the central cylindrical section of the tank. For this part, ignore acceleration, axial forces, thermal deformation, ambient pressure, etc.

 

Part 7:  Even if composite materials (like carbon fiber) had been widely available in the 1960s, give three reasons why they would be less desirable for an application like the S-IC stage than aluminum or titanium

Saturn V First-Stage Structural Analysis The first stage of the Saturn V (also called the S-IC) provided thrust to lift the second stage, third stage, and payload to an altitude of about 100km within the first 150 seconds of flight, at which point it experienced a maximum acceleration of 38𝑚/𝑠2 . The first stage structure (the shell around the propellant tanks) transmitted the force produced by the engines to the upper stages through its outer skin. This skin was composed of 2219-T87 aluminum, which has a Young's modulus of 73.1GPa, a yield strength of 390MPa, a density of 2840 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and a thermal expansion coefficient of 22 ∗ 10-6𝐾-1 . We will perform an analysis of the S-IC structure and the loads it carried through a series of scenarios. The exception is for Part 5, which must be done by hand as it requires significant drawing and only uses symbolic variables, no numerical calculations. I also recommend setting up the equations for Part 4 by hand and then using the .m file to perform the actual computations. 

 

Part 1: 

 The S-IC stage shell was required to support the load of the second stage, third stage, instrument unit, and Apollo spacecraft modules, both on the pad and during launch. The maximum mass it had to support was when the fully-fueled vehicle was sitting on the pad, and the maximum acceleration it experienced was immediately before stage burnout (when the S-IC was empty but all the other stages were full). Assume the S-IC tank structure is a smooth cylinder with an outer diameter of 10 meters, a thickness of 5.5 mm, and a height of 41 meters when nothing is mounted on top of it. The empty mass of everything above the stage is 9.7 ∗ 104 𝑘𝑔, and the mass of everything above the stage is 2.9 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑔 when fully fueled. 

Find:

• How much the stage shrinks when the empty stages are placed atop the S-IC

• How much the stage shrinks when the vehicle is fully fueled 

• How much the stage shrinks under full acceleration 

• The average axial stress experienced in each of these three cases

• The factor of safety in each of these three cases Ignore the mass of the S-IC structure itself and propellant; all we care about is how the tank has to deal with supporting the masses above it.

 

Part 2: 

 In reality, the stage did not have a uniform cross section; it was composed of steps of decreasing thickness toward the top of the S-IC, to save structural mass. Suppose the tank wall thickness decreased from 6.5 mm at the bottom to 4.3 mm at the top in eight steps of equal height. Each of the eight "rings" would have a constant wall thickness, the same height as the other rings, and the total height of the stage would still be 41 meters. Repeat the first three bullet points from Part 1, to find how much the stage will contract with the stepped cross sections instead of the uniform. Additionally, find the mass savings by constructing the tank in this manner.

 

Part 3: 

If the 41m height measurement given in Part 1 was taken at an ambient temperature of 25C, how much would the entire S-IC shrink due to thermal contraction (with no load atop the stage) at an operating temperature of -100C? You may choose either the uniform or stepped cross-section configuration from Part 1 or Part 2 to solve this problem, but there is one optimal solution within the scope of this project. Explain which option you chose and why.