MDVL 302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Friar Laurence, Mercutio

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goldtermite279

23 Jun 2022

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UBC

Department

Medieval Studies

Course

MDVL 302

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Mdvl notes march 14th and march 19th. A tragedy written by william shakespeare between 1591-1595. Based on the tale of two star-crossed lovers, romeo and juliet. Was not an original piece; shakespeare heavily borrowed from other sources (covered earlier) In his version, the minor characters are much expanded on. Scene shows romeo leaving juliet"s chamber at the coming of dawn; similar to the section that we looked at on page 22 of booklet iii. In both sections, the light of morning becomes the darkness of night, as it is when the lovers must depart. Line 12: juliet: yon light is not daylight; i know it, i . Line 35: romeo: more light and light, more dark our woes . As in the excerpt from brooke, if romeo stays with juliet as he wishes, he will be killed.

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Exercise #5: The Nervous system and Perception

Task #1: Color vision

Introduction

In the human retina, there are two kinds of light-sensitive cells: rods and cones. These cells are located on the outside of the retina, away from the vitreous humor and against the choroid layer, and are covered by a later of bipolar and ganglion cells as well as neurons. Light enters the posterior chamber through the lens and must pass through several cell layers before it is absorbed by the rods and cones.

Cones are involved in color vision at daylight intensities. Generator potentials in a cone excite one neuron, giving high-level resolution vision. Cones will not cause neural firing at low light intensities and are, therefore, nonfunctional at night.

Rods provoke black-and-white vision at low light intensities. A bipolar cell associates with several rods, so that generator potentials sum in their effect. This assures neuronal firing at low light intensities and provides a highly sensitive vision but with less resolution.

Receptor convergence. A ganglion cell, which receives input from a number of rods, spread out over the retina, cannot pinpoint the source of a light stimulus as well as a ganglion cell, which is stimulated by a single photoreceptor. In the case of a ganglion cell receiving the added input of several rods, light hitting any one of the rods can cause a neural spike in the ganglion cell, but the brain has no way to know which rod was excited. It is therefore harder to pinpoint the location of light stimuli on the retina when the stimulus is detected by rods (as compared to cones). The result is that our ability to see detail, or our resolving power, is considerably lower under dim light conditions than under bright light conditions.

Dark adaptation. If you go from a lighted area to a very dark room, you will not be able to see. After about ten minutes, however, you begin to be able to see again. This occurs because the rhodopsin pigment, which gets broken down when it absorbs light, is continually re-synthesized in the rods. When there is very little light, very little rhodopsin gets broken down and the amount of rhodopsin gradually builds up, making the rod much more sensitive to dim light.

When light strikes a receptor cell, it triggers a photo-chemical reaction that leads to neuronal firing. If a rod or cone receives high-intensity light, the visual pigments will be temporarily bleached and will not absorb any more light. Within a matter of a few seconds, enzyme systems in the cells will restore the visual pigment to its light-absorbing form. This can be easily demonstrated. If, after viewing a bright light, the eye is quickly shut or turned to a dark wall, the bright image will persist as a positive afterimage because the high generator potential causes the continued firing of neurons. If the eye is cast on a lighter background after a few seconds, a negative afterimage, or a dark image of the object will appear. This is because the still bleached cells are not receptive to the light coming from the light background.

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, there are three types of cone cells, which respond respectively to red, green, and blue light.

All other colors are perceived as the brain interprets impulses coming from a mix of these receptors. If an object of one color is viewed for a long period of time at high light intensity, the cones for that color will become bleached. The afterimage of the object will be seen in the complementary color.

The Exercise 6 PowerPoint will demonstrate afterimages to you. Use the slide show option to project the square of red light on your entire screen in a dark room. After staring intensely at the square for 30 seconds or so, without shifting your gaze, click enter to change the slide to a soft white. Continue staring at the screen as the change is made. What do you see? What was the color of the afterimage?

Repeat this experiment using a blue square. Before doing the experiment, hypothesize what color the afterimage will be according to the Young-Helmholtz theory.

Hypothesis to be tested: (2 pts)

What did you see when the experiment was conducted? (2 pts)

Was you hypotheses accepted or rejected? (1 pt)

Explain the colors seen in these afterimages using the Young-Helmholtz theory. (5 pts)

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The above is what we did in the lab

Down is the question

Today you are going to take a closer look at the light emitted from a wide variety of different types of matter. Before experimenting with these different light sources, make a large table in your lab notebook with columns listing the major regions of the visible spectrum (ROYGBIV). As you collect data by looking at different light sources, you will keep adding rows of observations into this table. The general layout should look something like this: Once you have your lab notebook ready, collect some observations about these different systems by performing the following experiment: At your bench, you should find a small handheld spectroscope through which you can split the visible spectrum apart and carefully observe each color region in the spectrum. For the first light source, set up and light the votive candle inside the metal pan (the metal pan is just to keep wax from dripping all over the benchtop). Then, look through the spectroscope at the burning candle. In your lab groups, predict what you think the emission spectrum will look like from a light source (flame) that is made by burning the ionic compound SrCI_2. With your prediction, provide a molecular-level justification that supports why you think the emission will look the way you predicted. Write the predictions and explanations down in your lab notebook (with a heading/label for your TA - as you should be doing for every activity). Fill a 400mL beaker about % of the way full with tap water and keep it near your area to use as a waste beaker for used matches and burning applicators. You should have a second beaker containing cotton-tipped applicators soaking in deionized (Dl) water (be sure the applicators are NOT placed in tap water). Into the 24-well microplate, add enough of the solid test samples that have been provided in the lab so that the solid just barely covers the bottom of each well. Be sure to record the identity of each solid you test. Note - be very careful not to cross-contaminate between wells as this will significantly skew results (even a single small crystal can cause a large contamination issue). Remove the candle and place the Bunsen burner in the center of the metal baking pan (the pan will help catch any burning solids that drip or spatter from the flame tests you will be performing). Your TA will demonstrate how to light and adjust the burner being used in our labs here at CSU (avoid fireballs in your face or your lab partner- listen to the TA's directions). To observe the flame colors, you will be placing the salts on the end of water-soaked wooden applicators. When placing the applicators into the burner flame, you only have a limited amount of time before the color will disappear and the applicator begins burning so you should be prepared to make observations as soon as you place the applicator into the burner flame. Also, while performing these steps, one member of your lab group should be observing the flame with the spectroscope while another group member handles the actual burning and observes just with their eye. You should record as much information as you can about the burning behavior including color, intensity, and any other details you notice. In your groups, predict what you think the spectrum would look like for a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. LEDs are made up of solid-state materials. What do you expect to see in the spectroscope while looking at a lit LED? Write this prediction down in your lab notebook and be sure to include a heading so your TA can find this prediction while reviewing your lab notebook pages later. Test your prediction by performing the following experiment: Setup the 9V battery and wire leads as shown below - the foam card that the LEDs are mounted may be clamped into a ring stand to hold it upright for easier viewing. Connect the alligator clips coming from the battery one LED at a time. The red alligator clip should be connected to the longer (+) lead of the LED bulb. The black alligator clip is connected to the shorter (-) lead of the LED bulb. If you reverse the wire leads, the LED will not light. Once connected to the battery, note the macroscopic color of the LED bulb that you can see with your eye, then look through the spectroscope at the lit LED bulb. As you examine the LED with the spectroscope, carefully note and rate the relative appearance/intensity of each of the color regions in the visible spectrum (ROYGBIV). After you have collected all your observations, your TA will demonstrate how to use a different type of spectroscope attached to the laptop computers (SpectroVis Plus). After your TA has demonstrated how to use the instrument, collect spectra for all the LED bulbs by following these Identify and write three (3) new and well-thought-out scientific questions related to the light emitted from a firework. For credit, these new questions MUST follow these guidelines: Questions must be molecular-level and focused on the behavior of the chemical components within fireworks Questions should be directly related to the light emission concepts covered in this lab

Background

Clothing sales have risen dramatically in recent years, thanks to several trends that appear likely to continue. It was reported that the global demand for clothing looks set to increase significantly over the coming decade as millions of people in developing countries enter the middle class and spend more on apparel. It also seems the demand for fast fashion will only continue to grow (Remy et al. 2016). This is further supported by a new research from Kurt Salmon, part of Accenture Strategy, one in eight younger consumers (18 to 24 year olds) shopping every week and buying a fashion item at least once a fortnight (Accenture 2017). Clothing production doubled from 2000 to 2014, and the number of garments purchased each year by the average consumer increased by 60 percent. Fast fashion has been a particularly hot segment and a source of enviable growth for some clothing companies (Remy et al. 2016). The process of making a piece of clothing involves multiple suppliers across the supply chain in the following processes including: farmers who grow the raw materials; ginners receive cotton from multiple growers and sell to the global market through traders; spinners use cotton from a variety of origins to produce yarn and fabric mills produce cloth. The manufacturing process begins which involves cutting, sewing, trimming, embroidery, orienting, and washing. Next, the manufacturers ship the garments wholesale to the brand that placed the orders who distributes garments globally to retail and online stores (Human Rights Watch 2017). At the end of its life, the apparel/garments may either be recycled or discarded and go to landfill. The manufacturing usually involves multiple suppliers in a very complex supply chain, which reduces transparency and visibility along the complex value chain. Brands therefore are not aware of what happen at their suppliersâ business along the supply chain. Brands also do not typically deal directly with all those suppliers, and many do not bother to dig deep into their supply chains (Gunther 2016). On the other hand, consumers are, attracted by the low cost and constantly update product ranges with new styles and designs. Consumers are buying these clothes much more often and in greater quantities, but often wearing them only a handful of times before discarding them. This fast-fashion industry and ecosystem consumes large amounts of natural resources in the production, which ultimately accelerating carbon emissions and global warming. The industry has also been linked to a number of cases of worker abuses in countries producing the garments. The workers were underpaid and exposed to unsafe and poor workplace conditions, particularly when handling materials like cotton and leather that require extensive processing (Remy et al. 2016). One example is the disaster at Rana Plaza, which is one of the deadliest accidents in the fashion industry happened on 24th April 2013. (The Economist 4th May 2013). Over 1,130 people were killed and 2,500 more were injured when the Rana Plaza factory complex collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was reported that people crushed under those eight floors were working for dozens of familiar multinational brands and retailers. It is âone of the many negligent accidents that plague the garment industryâ (Fashion Revolution CIC 2015, p.4).

Assignment Tasks

Assume you are a newly appointed accountant in a local fashion company -RTXM Clothing Company (RTXM) - based in Melbourne, Australia. This is a private family business with 20 shareholders. Currently, the company has seven different departments, include Accounting and Finance, R&D (product design and development), Salesand Marketing, Human Resources, Information Technology, Distribution and Logistics, and Merchandising, with a total of 130 employees. Managers in each department are given the authority regarding operational decisions and their performance is measured based on the companyâs profit, and all the other employees receive the fixed salary package. The company pays taxes to Australia Taxation Office (ATO) on a regular basis. Originally, the business offered only t-shirts and jeans. As the business was trying to join the growing fast fashion industry, it expanded its product lines to include dress, trousers, shorts, hoodies & sweats, socks, shoes, and bags. The objective was to provide a wide selection of product lines in order to reach more fashion conscious consumers. A characteristic of them market is consumers are mainly attracted by low price, and frequent new styles and designs, so the company also seeks to find the suppliers with low prices. The business has retail stores in the major city across Australia and online store. Since the company expanded its product line, managers from different departments found the number of complaints received from customers have tripled. Most complaints are related to the product quality (products are either defective or damaged), items consistently out of stock, online shopping experience (delivery of wrong items and long response time to emails), and in-store experience (lack of attention from sales representatives), and some customers have posted complaints on RTXM social media. In order to enhance the overall performance, the company is considering using a range of key performance indicators in managing its performance. This is to ensure that the company keeps track of its performance and to achieve the objectives they set for the identified issues. In addition, the CEO and senior management decide to find new suppliers to improve the product quality, however, they encountered a dilemma. On the one hand, they found a supplier in Bangladesh, Super Cheap who can provide a large range of products to fit in their business expansion plan with a competitive price and all products can be supplied in a short time frame. However, after a careful investigation into this companyâs background, they found this supplier has a major issue with labor conditions throughout their supply chains, including the use of child labor, low wages, and health and safety hazards, and long working hours. In terms of the environmental aspect, Super Cheap consumes a few thousand litres of water to produce a cotton t-shirt and over ten-thousand litres to produce a pair of jeans, and wastewater discharge into the local river, and it did not take any action to solve this issue. The polluted water is no longer fit for drinking or laundry, fishes no longer exist in this river, and local residences complain that their homes are flooded by dirty water. On the other hand, RTXM has another potential supplier, called Green Fashion, who only provides limited product range with a higher price, and products can be supplied in a reasonable time frame. However, Green Fashion takes account of sustainability and makes it as part of their business, and their sustainability agenda has been presented on its website, including fashion designs that is kind to the environment, they also ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met. The CEO and management of RTXM learnt that Green Fashion has very similar values and sustainability agenda. RTXM considers sustainability as part of the business. It is reported on their websites that the company wants to rethink fashion designs so that they are kind to the environment, to ethically source materials and labour, promote work-life balance of the employee in the retail business, and provide incentives to their local and outsourcing partners and their employees if their targets are met.

Required:

1. As an accountant of the company, you would like to have a better understanding of how the sustainability of the company will impact on the stakeholders. You believe the most efficient way is to identify important stakeholders. Refer to the case and identify five relevant stakeholder groups and discuss how different accounts could be used to satisfy each groupâs information requirements.

2. In order to enhance companyâs performance, the CEO thinks it might be insufficient to use profit as the only performance indicator, and is considering using a range of key performance indicators to manage the business. You believe the Balanced Scorecard is a useful performance measure framework that can be used, as it gives management an overall picture of companyâs performance. You have been asked to develop a Balanced Scorecard to assist RTXM in managing its overall companyâs performance and demonstrate how it works to the management and staff in next company meeting. You need consider ONE of the most important metrics that could be used for each of the four perspectives of performance and explain the reason why it has been selected and how it can be used to improve companyâs performance.

3. The CEO believes the company was attractive because of its previous low price strategy but has also noticed unprecedented awareness from customers on the companyâs social responsibilities. The CEO approaches you to discuss the selection of supplier, which supplier is better for companyâs strategic development. Provide an explanation to the CEO with reference to the potential costs and benefits of working with both Super Cheap and Green Fashion.

4. After your analysis above, the CEO starts realizing the importance of working with social and environmental friendly suppliers, however, still does not have a comprehensive understanding to the positive and negative impact his companyâs products might have both socially and environmentally. You decide to use the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for a product that the company offers to enhance their understanding. Draw the LCA, and select one or two stages of the LCA, identifying a total of four possible social and environment impacts. If the impact is detrimental either socially or environmentally, give suggestions to minimize the impact. If the impact is positive, give suggestions as to maximize the benefit. You are required to undertake some research to answer this question.

5. Subsequently the company decides to contract with the Green Fashion. Some important shareholders attempted to block this proposal. Their belief, as the owners of this company, is that the company should aim to maximize the value of their shares, however, the new business plan could significantly increase the costs and therefore reduce the profit. You are required to identify an organisation, business or industry and explain whether and how it could potentially increase the value of its shares in the long term by being accountable to its major stakeholders. You are required to undertake some research to answer this question.

MDVL 302 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Friar Laurence, Mercutio

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