PHIL 1000 Lecture Notes - Michel Foucault, Cultural Relativism, Masculinity

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ambersmith

1 Mar 2022

School

Carleton University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHIL 1000

Professor

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Document Summary

Acting into the world to be a part of a group: 2. Being interpreted by others as belonging to a group of people. Identity is about both how categories of people are defined within structures of power and how people identify with a category of people. Identity is simultaneously about identifying with and identified as (think about culture as a process of experience-action-interpretation) Idea that the dominant group of people within a state should identify with and be motivated by belonging to a nation". Imagined community: imagined does not mean fantasy (not imaginary). Ethnicity: group characteristics often based on ancestry, language, or other cultural characteristics may refer to a displaced cultural nationality. Gender: gender is about identities related to culturally constructed notions of masculinity and femininity, as well as identities that are related to but not part of this binary, gender as performance.

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Brief and detail

If relativism is true, can you ever judge something as being morally wrong? Consider some really horrible actions, genocide, murder, slavery, torture or add your own. If you feel a relativist could say that these things are actually wrong, what gives them this ability? If they can't, why not?

Agree or disagree

Similarly to what I said in the first discussion on what morality means to us, I think everyone has their own set of moral principles and obligations. So I do think that relativism is true, to a point however. I used Adolf Hitler and the Nazi empire as an example in the first discussion so I will use that here. Hitler knew in his brain that what he was doing was good for his nation and arguably the world. Now, as a modern day society we can agree that was wrong. For him, it was good. In his own mind, he is right. But it is relative to the person. Generally speaking we all have similar notions of what is right and what is wrong. Most people would say that going out of your way to help someone else is a morally good principle. Selflessness in society is seen a good thing by the vast majority of people. When I say that relativism is good to a point, I mean that there is a general basis in society that deems actions as good or bad. And since most of us would all agree that hitlers actions were bad, then we say that he had bad moral principles, even though to him, they were good. It’s a little confusing even for me to put into words. Basically, if you actions are generally viewed in society as good, then you have good moral principles even if they vary from person to person. No one will have the exact same moral standards, but generally they all are very similar in society. So relativism is true until the point where the majority of society would deem your actions and wrong. I hope this makes sense.

Agree or disagree

If relativism is true, I don't think judging something as morally wrong is possible. Because the definition of ethical relativism is the moral standard only being correctly relative to each person/society, this means that the moral standard is created by you and/or the society you identify with and therefore eliminate the existence of an absolute moral principle. Since the moral standard is different for every individual, we cannot say that someone is morally wrong. If relativism is applied, that is. If a relativist were to say that they could judge someone as morally wrong, then that would contradict the main component of being a relativist. That every moral argument of yours is correct, therefore everyone else's is also correct. Quite problematic but that is my understanding on the matter

ell25

One facet of the central field approximation for many-electronatoms is that inner-shell electrons screen the nuclear charge. Tounderstand how this works quantitatively, first note that theprobability distributions for electrons in different shellsgenerally do not overlap much. For instance, the electrons in the Mshell (n=3) are almost always farther from the nucleus than theelectrons of the K (n=1) and L (n=2) shells. Thus, it is a goodapproximation to assume that the inner shells completely screen thenucleus from the outer shells. For example, if there are tenelectrons altogether in the K and L shells of an atom, then theelectrons in the M shell experience force from a charge of roughlyZ-10, where Z is the charge on the nucleus as an integer multipleof e, the magnitude of the charge on an electron. This is calledthe effective nuclear charge Z_eff.

a. In a beryllium atom (Z=4), how many electrons are in the Kshell?
Express your answer as an integer.

b. n xenon (Z=54), what is the effective charge Z_eff experiencedby an electron in the M (n=3) shell?
Express your answer as an integer.

c. How many electrons are there altogether in the K, L, and Mshells of xenon? Recall that for n=3, the orbital quantum number lmust be zero, one, or two and that m_l can take any value betweenpostive and negative l.
Express your answer as an integer.

d.

The idea of simply subtracting the number of inner-shell electronsworks well only for atoms with low values of Z. For atoms withlarger nuclear charge, the different shapes of the probabilitydistributions for different subshells becomes an important factor.For instance, in the N shell, electrons in the s subshell have amuch higher probability than those in the p or d subshells of beingfound closer to the nucleus than some of the K, L, or M electrons.It is said that the s electrons penetrate the inner shells morereadily than do the p or d electrons. Therefore, it is to beexpected that our simple subtraction model may not work well forouter-shell s electrons in large atoms. Keeping this in mind, wesee that the effective nuclear charge Z_eff for the outermostelectron in an atom may be found experimentally by measuring theionization energy of an atom and then calculating the effectivecharge using the equation

E_n=- \frac{Z_{\rm eff}^2}{n^2}(13.6\;\rm eV).

The energy for the 5p valence electron in indium (Z=49) is -5.79electron volts. What is the effective nuclear charge Z_effexperienced by this electron?
Express your answer to three significant figures.

Thepicture above shows a source of light in the lower medium (thepurple dot), with the light shining on the origin, which is markedby the position of the green dot. The horizontal axis is theinterface separating one medium from another. In this case, all ofthe light reflects back into the lower medium.
Choose all the correct statements about this situation from thelist below.
A.The lower medium (where the source is) has a larger index ofrefraction than the upper medium.
B.The lower medium has the same index of refraction as the uppermedium.
C.The lower medium has a smaller index of refraction than the uppermedium.
D.The angle of incidence in this case is greater than the criticalangle for total internal reflection to occur.
E.The angle of incidence in this case is smaller than the criticalangle for total internal reflection to occur.
F.If the light source was moved to the position of the red dot inthe upper medium, and the light was incident on the origin again,the light would definitely experience total internalreflection.
G.If the light source was moved to the position of the red dot inthe upper medium, and the light was incident on the origin again,some light would refract into the lower medium, traveling towardthe position of the purple dot.
H.If the light source was moved to the position of the red dot inthe upper medium, and the light was incident on the origin again,some light would refract into the lower medium, but the light wouldnot travel toward the position of the purple dot.

PHIL 1000 Lecture Notes - Michel Foucault, Cultural Relativism, Masculinity

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