BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Acetyl-Coa, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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4 Dec 2016

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Cells require a constant supply of energy to generate and maintain the biological order that keeps them alive. This energy comes from the chemical bond energy in food molecules, which thereby serve as fuel for cells. Perhaps the most important fuel molecules are the sugars. Plants make their own sugars from co2 by photosynthesis. Animals obtain sugars and other molecules, such as starch, that are easily broken down into sugars by eating other organisms. Nevertheless, the process whereby these sugars are oxidized to generate energy is very similar in both animals and plants. In both cases, the cells that form the organism harvest useful energy from the chemical bond energy locked in sugars as the sugar molecule is broken down and oxidized to carbon dioxide (co2) and water (h2o). This energy is stored as high-energy chemical bonds covalent bonds that release large amounts of energy when hydrolyzed in activated carrier molecules, such as atp and nadph.

Related Questions

Autotrophs, e.g., ______________, acquire energy from _________ in a process called_______________. They convert this energy to energy stored in ___________ ___________. When needed, they _____________ these to __________ and __________. In this process, _____________________________________________.

Heterotrophs, e.g., ___________, acquire energy from ________________. In their digestive tract they break down ___________________ to _____________. The latter are then imported into cells and oxidized to CO2 and water. In this process, ADP is ________________ to ATP.
Use these terms: zebras, orchids, carbon dioxide, sunlight, break down, macromolecules, photosynthesis, eating organic molecules, monomers, converted, chemical bonds, ATP is made, water

38. The statement best describes the relationship between plantsand animals on earth is
______________________.
A) plants produce O2 and sugars from CO2 B) animals produce CO2 andH2O from sugars and O2 C) plants produce O2 and sugars and animalsproduce CO2 and H2O D) animals produce O2 and sugars and plantsproduce CO2 and H2O
39. What do plants and animals have in common?
A) They are both heterotrophic. B) They are both autotrophic. C)They are both prokaryotic. D) They are both eukaryotic. E) The areboth hydrophobic
40. The innermost electron shell of an atom holds a maximum of________ electrons.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10
41. Elephants travel long distances in search of food. Usingvibrations felt in the ground, family members traveling separatelycan communicate with each other. Based on your knowledge ofevolution, the ability to communicate over long distances probablydeveloped ___________________________.
A) slowly over millions of years B) by accident C) over a ten yearperiod D) as a strategy to decrease reproduction E) as a way tocommunicate with humans
42. The plasma membrane is _____________________.
A) completely permeable B) selectively permeable C) impermeable D)found only in eukaryotic cells E) found only in prokaryoticcells
43. Humans are composed of ______ cells.
A) prokaryotic B) bacterial C) eukaryotic D) viral E) fungal
44. Certain fungi that are important in nutrient recycling becausethey release nutrients from dead organisms back into the ecosystemare _____________________.
A) producers B) consumers C) decomposers D) recyclers E)feeders
45. Humans are ______.
A) ecosystems B) consumers C) decomposers D) cells E)producers
46. One of the end products of respiration is _____________.
A) glucose B) starch C) sucrose D)water E) oxygen
47. A protein molecule which is denatured, has__________________________.
A) split into smaller molecules B) changed its shape C) combinedwith another molecule D) been diluted..
48. ___________________ is the term that refers to theenergy-requiring movement of a substance across a biologicalmembrane .
A) facilitated diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D)diffusion E) endocytosis
49. All of the following are characteristics of life except_____________________________________.
A) growth B) homeostasis C) movement D) reproduction E) energyuse
50. In the scientific method, a hypothesis __________.
A) is a statement of fact B) makes a prediction that can be testedC) is usually proven to be correct D) can only be tested once E)all of these Complete ALL of the blanks in this section exam.Fill-in each blank with the appropriate word(s) to complete thesentences. Each completed sentence is worth 1 point.

Which of the following is NOT one of the uses of fungi?

Select one:

a. As a source of antibiotics.

b. To make drinks, like beer.

c. To produce fabrics like cotton and linen.

d. To make food, like bread.

e. As a direct food source: mushrooms, for example.

How do fungi get nutrients?

Select one:

a. They ingest organic material, break it down internally, and absorb the released nutrients through their digestive system.

b. Fungi use each of these methods to get nutrients.

c. They secrete enzymes that break down dead matter or living organisms and absorb the released nutrients.

d. They receive nutrients from other organisms that trade the nutrients for protection from pathogens.

e. They produce their own by photosynthesis.

Why is fungi's role as biodegraders so important to ecosystems?

Select one:

a. It transfers the energy from sunlight into sugars.

b. It provides nutrients and oxygen to the ecosystem.

c. It protects plants from harmful viruses and bacteria.

d. It keeps the level of prey animals down so they do not overwhelm the ecosystem.

e. It recycles and reuses organic molecules so they are not wasted.

BIOL 205 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Acetyl-Coa, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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