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BIOL 3400 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Cyclin B, Cyclin D, Spindle Apparatus

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25 Apr 2020
School
Utah Valley University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 3400
Professor
Sebastien J Tauzin

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Document Summary

Interphase (g1, s, and g2) and mitosis (m) Mitosis (replaced with meiosis in sex organs to form gametes) Cycle: it goes around and around, so no beginning and no end. G1/s checkpoint - first checkpoint between g1 and s phase. Must have all of the growth factors in order to be able to enter s phase. G2/m checkpoint - second checkpoint between g2 and m phase. It prepares the activation of the next cdk. How to learn the cdk, cyclin, and phases. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: arrest cell cycle in a particular phase. It would constantly be on if p16 is missing since now there is no inhibitor to stop it. Cyclin b, cdk1 is only going to be active when it is in the nucleus. #11 senescence - where the there is very minimal activity (kamut wheat kernels in pyramids, maybe alaskan ground squirrels hibernating for 8 months)

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Related Questions

Part A:

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell reproduction is similar in that it requires some kind of signal to proceed, DNA replication, careful separation of the DNA into two equal portions, and division of the cytoplasm. How is cell reproduction different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Select one:

a. In a eukaryotic organism, the signals for cell division are usually not related to the environment but to the function of the entire organism.

b. Eukaryotic cells constantly divide whenever environmental conditions are adequate and the cells are large enough.

c. The linear chromosomes in prokaryotes are constantly being updated.

d. Prokaryotic cell division requires cytokinesis before mitosis because of their small size.

e. The sexual phase of most prokaryotes (bacteria) is essential to the rapid cell division required for infection.

Part B:

What does the name Cyclin Dependent Kinase stand for?

Select one:

a. A protein important to the cell cycle that is dependent on DNA synthesis.

b. An enzyme that cuts DNA so that chromosomes can segregate.

c. An enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins using ATP only when the protein Cyclin is bound to the enzyme.

d. An enzyme that rolls along microtubules dragging a vesicle.

e. An enzyme that connects chromosomes to the spindle fiber.

Part C:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Mitosis can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase

b. Anaphase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Prophase/Telophase

c. Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase

d. Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase/Anaphase

e. Anaphase/Telophase/Prophase/Prometaphase/Metaphase

Part D:

The Cell Cycle is divided into Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and Interphase. Interphase can be ordered into the following phases:

Select one:

a. S/G1/G2

b. G2/G1/S

c. G1/S/G2

d. G2/S/G1

e. G1/G2/S

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these “steps”?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has “proof-reading” capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G1 Phase

b.S Phase

c.G2 Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at “checkpoints”. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G1 Checkpoint

b.G2 Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

1. You are interested in studying the cell cycle and have joineda lab to do so.

A) A student in the lab has taken the genes encoding for Cdk andM-cyclin, expressed them separately in bacteria, purified largequantities of both proteins, and then added them together to form apure M cyclin-Cdk complex. All these purification steps haveoccured smoothly, as assayed by protein gels he has run, and he isable to see a nice cyclin-Cdk complex forming. He decides to injectthe purified M cyclin-Cdk complex into oocytes that are notundergoing mitosis (like the experiment described in class). Hesees no effect of injecting purified M cyclin-Cdk into oocytes. Asa control, he also repeats the experiment described in class andinjects mitotic extract into oocytes and finds that the oocytesassemble a mitotic spindle (as expected). Given what you know aboutM cyclin-Cdk regulation, propose a reason for why his experimentmay not have worked? Be sure to explain youranswer.

B) A different graduate student has isolated mutants that aredefective in entry into S-phase. He has two alternative hypotheses:1) he has a mutation in S-cyclin such that it is unable to getdegraded in these mutants or 2) he has a mutation in E2F such thatit is unable to bind to Rb. Do you think either of these hypothesesmakes sense? Explain.