BIOL 2311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hydrophile, Amphiphile, Coronary Circulation
CH 3 Biological molecules
BIOLOGICAL MOLECUELS:
Bio molecules consists of carbon bonded to other carbon molecules, or other types of atoms.
H-C Bonds are non-covalent tht store considerable energy
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:
Functional groups are small, reactive groups of atoms which add chemical properties to the
molecule
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups
linked by covalent bonds to other atoms , usually C atoms
Hydroxyl: C-OH, alcohol
Carbonyl: C=O
Carboxyl:
Amino:
Phosphate: plays a part in ATP
Sulfhydrl: can create disulfide linkage
ISOMERS:
Molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula
Structural isomers – same chemical formula but arrangement of atoms are different
Example: glucose – aldehyde and fructose - Ketone
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Stereoisomers – differ in how groups attached(those c atoms still have the , they're SPATIAL
arrangement is diff
1. Enantiomers
-mirror image molecules
-chiral : mirror images, not superimposable
-D-sugars: if sugar solution turn plane of polarized light to the right, if the last chiral C atom whose OH is
attached on right
and L-amino acids: if sugar solution turn plane of polarized light to the left, if OH is attached on left
MACROMOECULES:
Proteins:
Nucleic acids:
Lipids:
Carbohydrates: C-H covalent bonds store energy, (CH2O)n, Small carbohydrates are
mono(glucose) and di-saccharides(sucrose), large are polysaccharides (starch).
Macromolecules: built by polymers, large molecules with emergent properties arising from their unique
structure.
Polymers: built by linking monomers
Monomer: small, similar chemical subunits
CARBOHYDRATES:
Dehydration synthesis –
-Formation of large molecules by the removal of water
-Monomers are joined to form polymers
Hydrolysis-
– Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water
– Polymers are broken down to monomers
monosaccharides:
The Simplest form of carbohydrates are called sugars
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Glucose C6H12O6,is a hexose
Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose
Enzymes that act on different sugars can distinguish structural and stereoisomers of this basic
six-carbon skeleton
-ex: lactase will only work on lactose
Alpha & beta glucose
disaccharides:
2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
The covalent bonds tht hold these monomers together is called glycosidic linkage
Used for sugar transport or energy storage
Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Alpha-Glucose+ fructose= sucrose
How to number carbons in the C chain, and how is lactose formation a beta link?
Polysaccharides:
Long chains of monosaccharides – Linked through dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides may be linear, unbranched molecules,
Energy storage
– Plants store their glucose as starch (two types amylose and amylopectin)
– Animals use glycogen, extensive branching
Structural support
– Plants use cellulose a strong unbranched glucose polymer
– Arthropods and fungi use chitin (a reinforcing fiber in the external skeleton of arthropods and the cell
walls of some fungi)
Carbohydrate function:
-energy storage
-structure
-cell identity
-products of photosynthesis
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information in all living organisms, and viruses.
Polymer – nucleic acids( DNA and RNA)
Monomers – nucleotides
--Nucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds
– sugar( 2' bonded to OH its RNA, " to H its DNA) + phosphate + nitrogenous base , Make up the
nucleotides
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Bio molecules consists of carbon bonded to other carbon molecules, or other types of atoms. H-c bonds are non-covalent tht store considerable energy. Functional groups are small, reactive groups of atoms which add chemical properties to the molecule hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups linked by covalent bonds to other atoms , usually c atoms. Molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula. Structural isomers same chemical formula but arrangement of atoms are different. Example: glucose aldehyde and fructose - ketone. Stereoisomers differ in how groups attached(those c atoms still have the , they"re spatial arrangement is diff: enantiomers. Carbohydrates: c-h covalent bonds store energy, (ch2o)n, small carbohydrates are mono(glucose) and di-saccharides(sucrose), large are polysaccharides (starch). Macromolecules: built by polymers, large molecules with emergent properties arising from their unique structure. Formation of large molecules by the removal of water. Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water. Polymers are broken down to monomers monosaccharides:
