IR 212 Lecture 5: Essay on Morgenthau Reading and American Diplomacy

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burgundybadger56

4 Dec 2017

School

USC

Department

International Relations

Course

IR 212

Professor

baggot

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Woodrow wilson is often seen as the us president who most forcefully argued that american foreign policy should be guided by moral principles. In your view, to what extent was wilson"s view warranted by the particular conditions he faced and the growing stature of. Woodrow wilson"s understanding of morality mainly differed from earlier american statesman as he was more interventionist in his foreign policy as opposed the isolationist. The wilsonian view sought to keep in mind the welfare of the world and maintaining democracy and worldwide as opposed to earlier american statesman who prioritized national interest which would overlap with interests worldwide. Washington"s view in the context of a newly independent america was inclined towards national interest rather than the betterment of the world. His understanding of morality promoted self- preservation and welfare as opposed to involvement in foreign affairs. Therefore, he encouraged the maintenance of peaceful relations with other nations.

Related Questions

Please read this article. It discusses foreign currency issues for the Euro. Please elaborate and explain your thoughts on the article below.

The wisdom in the eurozone is that if the European Central Bank would only follow the lead of the Federal Reserve and move to far more aggressive monetary policy, which it is now doing, all will be hunky-dory.
Of course, drenching the single currency area in euros will help, and make it easier for banks to lend again.
It is also a brave act for the ECBâs Italian president, Mario Draghi. His promise to expand the balance sheet of the ECB by â¬1trillion flies in the face of historic German concerns about overexuberant monetary policy and the horrors of the Weimar Republic.
The bigger question, however, is whether the source of the eurozoneâs problems is simply a lack of credit, or is it more deeply rooted?
Many euroland economies simply are loaded down with too much debt. The âtroikaâ solution offered by the IMF, European Commission and ECB to this has been austerity. But still the debt levels rise.
Even the IMFâs own internal monitoring group has questioned the wisdom of the policy. The traditional solution for countries in trouble are the double âDâ approach â devaluation and default. The first is impossible in a single currency area unless nations drop out, as happened in 1993 when the euro predecessor, the European Monetary System, fell-apart.
That leaves the eurozone with default. It sound horrible and irresponsible, but as Harvardâs Benjamin Friedman recently observed, the debt of the 18 countries in the single currency region is more akin to American municipal bonds, rather than national debt. And managed defaults of American state and city debt have long been a feature of the landscape.
Official Greek debt could, for instance, be restructured so that payments could be stretched out over far longer time horizons and the coupons paid slashed. This was how the Latin American debt crisis in the 1980s, and some of the problems in East Asia a decade later, were fixed.
Standing in the way of such radical answers is Germany with its economic absolutes. Sometimes, however, German leaders choose to forget the fiscal history that they want to bury. In the 1930s it essentially defaulted on debts built up in the First World War and as a result of reparations.
At the London Debt Conference in 1953, the amount of debt Germany built up before, during and after the Second World War was halved and payment of principal suspended for five years and drawn out over 30 years to give a recovering and rebuilding economy breathing space.
That is the kind of precedent that Germany should be looking at now instead of insisting on hardship among its neighbours. It could also refrain from winding up friends by discouraging Brussels from presenting the UK with bills for Â£1.7billion in the knowledge that it would be a huge political embarrassment.
It is only by sleight of hand that the invoice has been halved.
Peace talk
The notion that Standard Charteredâs woes stem from the fact it was unfairly targeted by New York regulators is poppycock. The 29 per cent decline in the bankâs share price this year is representative of a much deeper malaise.
So far Standard Chartered has paid Â£400million in fines, in two tranches, to US enforcers, the most recent for failing to fix problems first identified in 2012: not smart.
Badly treated? Not if compared to BNP Paribas that had to stump up Â£5.5billion. As for the idea that foreign banks have been singled out â that also is ill-informed. Fines levied on JP Morgan Chase and Bank of America Merrill Lynch have been in the tens of billions of pounds.
One person who is certainly not taking Standard Charteredâs sliding reputation for granted is chairman Sir John Peace. He admitted to investors in Singapore, home to its largest shareholder Temasek with 17.7 per cent, that it was too complex and âtoo bureaucraticâ and takes too long to make decisions.
One critical action still pending is the removal of chief executive Peter Sands, who sought to brush aside charges of Iranian sanctions-busting and now has presided over a series of profits warnings. Temasek this week expressed its unanimous support for âPeter and Johnâ. Football fans will recognise the significance of that.
Slow coach
No one can question the determination of the Financial Conduct Authority to punish market offenders. But the speed at which it and the British courts deliver financial justice is farcical.
Julian Rifat, of hedge fund Moore Capital, was arrested on insider trading charges in 2010 but it was only yesterday that he was convicted of a Â£250,000 conspiracy as part of the Tabernula investigation involving six others.
Now we have another two month wait for sentencing.
The FCA says the probe was âpainstakingâ but that is no excuse for a lethargic process.

greycoyote871

1. What was Darwin's theory of pangenesis and how did it fit his model of blending inheritance? How did it allow for the influence of the environment on hereditary characters?

2. How was the idea of environmental influence criticized by Weismann? What his idea of "germ plasm"?

3. What were Mendel's laws on the segregation of traits and on recessive and dominant traits? How did he support these ideas with evidence?

4. What was Galton's argument regarding the inheritance of genius and how did he attempt to prove it?

1. What is the definition of eugenics? What is the difference between positive and negative eugenics?

2. What was "feeblemindedness"? Why did scientists want to eliminate these people from the population?

3. What was the argument presented for sterilization based on the Jukes family history?

4. How was feeblemindedness portrayed in the Norton pamphlet on âSelective Sterilization in Primer Formâ?

5. How does the Carrie Buck case illustrate the concerns of eugenecists? How does it illustrate social values of the time?

1. What was the Kallikak family study, and how did it differ from the Jukes family study? What were its conclusions?

2. What were five factors that contributed to a growing concern over immigration and its threat to "nativism." (Be sure you know what American nativism was.)

3. What was the Immigration Restriction Act? How did passage of the act further eugenic goals?

4. How were eugenic doctrines popularized? What are some examples of positive eugenics?

5. What is the concept of "mental age" on which the Binet test was based? What did early researchers think they were measuring with these tests?

1. What were the results of the I.Q. test administered to World War I draftees? How did some people criticize this test and its results?

2. How did increasing research on development and genetics call into question the simple unit-character assumptions of earlier eugenecists?

3. What concerns did German âracial hygienistsâ express about different birthrates among Germans, Slavic peoples, and southern Europeans?

4. How was the rise of National Socialism (Nazism) in Germany based on promoting the genetically âhealthyâ and preventing reproduction among the âunhealthyâ? Who was included in the unhealthy category?

5. What was the purpose of the German âhealth courtsâ? How did U.S. sterilization laws serve as models for German sterilization programs?

1. How were Margaret Sangerâs view on birth control similar to and different from eugenics?

2. What were the fears over the âpopulation explosionâ in the 1960s?

3.What similarities are there between the case of the Relf sisters and Madrigal vs. Quilligan?

4. How were sterilizations in the 1960s and 1970s similar to and different from the eugenic sterilizations of the 1920s and 1930s?

5. Why were so many women sterilized in Puerto Rico?

1. What are the basic particles of the atom? What is an isotope?

2. What were the contributions of Roentgen, Becquerel, and Marie Curie to the discovery of radioactivity?

3. How did Rutherford explain radioactive decay (Experiment 1)? How are atoms of one element transmuted into another element during radioactive decay?

4. What was Thompsonâs model of the atom? What was Rutherford's model and how did he prove he was right (Experiment 2)?

5. What is the basic idea behind a nuclear chain reaction (fission)? Be able to explain 92235U â 56142Ba + 3691Kr + 3 neutrons + energy.

6. What were the circumstances that led Einstein to write to Roosevelt? What did he tell him?

1. How did the timing of the various decisions about deciding to make a bomb, making the bomb, and deciding to drop it coincide with the course of World War II? 2. What effect did the death of Roosevelt have on the decision to drop the bomb?

3. How did the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union affect the decision to drop the bomb?

4. In what ways did Bohr, Szilard, and Franck try to get the politicians to think about the consequences of dropping the bomb? What were their various recommendations about international control?

5. How was the Interim Committee involved in the decision to drop the bomb? Which scientists advised the committee and what did they recommend?

1. How did Oppenheimer's attitudes toward the atomic bomb change over his lifetime? After the war was over, what was he advocating in relation to the bomb?

2. What were the reasons for and against initiating the project to build the atomic bomb? Did these reasons change during the course of the war?

3. What were the reasons in 1945 for and against dropping the bomb in a surprise attack?

4. With the benefit of hindsight, of more knowledge about the actual state of Japan in 1945, and of further understanding about the effects of the bomb, do you still think that the reasons you suggested in answer to question 3 are valid? Do you think there was any way to have done things differently?

1. How did the United States people first learn of the bombing of Hiroshima? What were they told?

2. What alternative to using the bomb was always mentioned by those justifying the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

3. What was the Potsdam ultimatum and how did the Japanese respond? Why did they reject it?

4. What possibilities for a negotiated peace settlement with Japan existed during the summer of 1945? Why were they unsuccessful?

5. When and how did the American public first begin to learn about the effects of the bombings on the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

1. What were some of the reactions of scientists to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

2. What were the major concerns of scientists after the war regarding the development and control of nuclear weapons?

3. How did the events of the Cold War influence the development of the Hydrogen Bomb?

4. What was the recommendation of the General Advisory Committee concerning the H-bomb, and on what reasons was it based?

1. In the years after World War II, how did scientists justify further research and development of nuclear weapons? How did cultural images facilitate this process? 2. What prompted U.S. policymakers to launch the "peaceful atom" campaign?

3. How was civil defense used to encourage public acquiescence during the early years of the nuclear arms race?

4. Why were so many civil defense campaigns directed toward women and children?

5. Did CDA materials provide an accurate portrayal of nuclear war?

6. Though political pundits on television and radio inform the public, they also have to be concerned with

a. Entertainment value to increase their ratings.b. All of these.c. Making their audiences feel better about America.d. Being factually correct.

7. Social movements have been important sources of social, political, and economic change in the United States.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

8. A double standard exists on the part of advocacy organizations because issues facing advantaged subgroups get more attention than those facing disadvantaged subgroups.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

9. Contemporary political observers echo the two views of de Tocqueville and Madison in how they view the role of political groups.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

10. A national advocacy organization is an interest group

a. That only represents businesses.b. That informally represents broad groups of Americans who have similar interests.c. That represents all Americans whether they are powerful or not.d. That only represents minorities or people with less power in society.

11. The American people believe that justices on the US Supreme Court

a. None of these.b. Should be appointed for life.c. Should be elected and only for a 10-year term.d. Should be elected for life.

12. Regional, cultural, religious, occupational, and ethnic diversity all tend to increase the formation of political groups and social movements.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

13. In the United States, political parties are

a. Relatively rareb. Are a relatively accidental feature of the American historyc. None of thesed. Mentioned in the Constitution

14. Why are interest groups, political organiztions, and social movements so numerous in the US?

a. All of these.b. Because federalism and the separation of powers have created multiple points of access to political institutions.c. Because of the 1st Amendment, which protects speech. association, and the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.d. Because the way people are elected to Congress does not do a very good job of representing minorities, who have to find other ways of getting their needs met.

15. What is the margin of error for a sample of 1000 voters?

a. Plus or minus 3%.b. Plus or minus 1%c. Plus or minus 5%d. Plus or minus 2%

16. E.E. Schactschneider says about the interest groups that claim to work for poor people

a. That they may be making things worse for these people.b. That they do a good job even without handing out small benefits to attract people to their group.c. None of these.d. That they are able to accomplish a great deal even though the poor do not join those groups.

17. Why do the campaign staffs of presidential candidates pass up large states like California and Texas to concentrate on smaller states like New Mexico or Ohio?

a. The large states are just a few and there are more votes altogether in the small states.b. It is easier to persuade people in the small states.c. The large states are reliably red or blue, so the campaigns go after states where the vote is closer and they can take all of the votes even with a small win.d. The large states are just too expensive for campaigning.

18. Jackson notes that equality is generally defined as

a. Equality of process.b. Equality of opportunity.c. Equality of outcomes.d. Equality of results.

19. In an open primary, the voter can choose which primary election--Democratic or Republican--he or she would like to vote in.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

20. The womenâs movement can be very active on an issue such as affirmative action in higher education, which afffects their more affluent members, but overlook welfare reform, an important issue for their more disadvantaged or marginalized members.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

21. It is sometimes called "first-past-the-post" and sometimes "winner-take-all," but this kind of election means

a. No matter how many votes are cast and how many candidates the one with the most votes wins.b. None of these.c. The candidates have to have run-off elections until one wins two thirds of the votes.d. The top two candidates have to have a run off election.

22. Public opinion matters because in a democratic system we believe that government policy should follow the public will.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

23. With regard to ideology, Americans

a. Tend to identify with a party by their mid 20s.b. Tend to choose a political affiliation early in life.c. Tend to stay identified with a political party consistently the rest of their lives.d. All of these.

24. Alexis de Tocqueville

a. Found few religious associations in America.b. Wrote at the time of the American revolution in the 1780s.c. Wrote his great book Democracy in America at a time when Americans were forming many interest groups and associations in the 1830s.d. Was appalled at the number of commercial and manufacturing associations he found in America.

25. According to Strolovitch, in judging the effectiveness of an advocacy organization which claims to represent the marginalized,what are the guiding questions we should ask?

a. How active for the intersectionally marginalized are they? Because without that the organization is a failure.b. What coalitions do they form? Because coalitions are the key to success.c. What institutions do they target and what coalitions do they form? Because the political activity is the most important barometer.d. How active for the intersectionally marginalizedn are they, what institutions do they target, and what coalitions do they form?

26. How do the two dominant political parties prevent minor parties from emerging?

a. By using their vast funds and media resources to disparage minor party candidates.b. By refusing to give successful third party candidates leadership positions in the legislature.c. By poaching popular third party candidates before they begin to help their party.d. By manipulating election rules in debates and public funding to discriminate against the minor parties.

27. Since 1836, the republic has been dominated by how many political parties at a time?

a. Threeb. Fivec. Oned. Two

28. As sample size increases, the margin of error

a. Is greater than or equal to the margin of error.b. Stays the same.c. Decreases.d. Increases.

29. Affirmative advocacy

a. Looks for over-represented and under-represented issues in setting the agenda for activityb. Actively seeks out coalitions and works with others at the state and local levelc. All of thesed. Has a proactive agenda

30. The cell-phone only population is likely to include more young people, which pollsters have to take into account

a. TRUEb. FALSE

31. One method that schools use to politically socialize young people is

a. Ask students to watch TV news.b. Tell students who to vote for.c. Ask student to participate in mock elections.d. Ask students to read newspapers.

32. In addition to the legislative branch, advocacy groups target the executive and judicial branches.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

33. The problem with opt-in internet panels is that

a. Participants self-select, leaving out significant sections of the public.b. All of these.c. They have a greater margin of error.d. They do not use scientific methods.

34. An example of an organization which claims to represent a large demographic group is

a. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).b. All of these.c. The Japanese American Citizen's Leagues (JACL).d. The National Organization of Women (NOW).

35. Conservative and liberal ideologies differ mostly on

a. Campaign finance reform.b. Defense policy only.c. Economic and social issues.d. Civil rights.

36. Despite the fears of some that advocates for marginalized groups appeal to the courts too much, evidence shows that they in fact use the courts reluctantly and as a last resort.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

37. Are Americans more likely to vote in presidential elections than other types of elections?

a. No, Americans like to vote for direct democracy issues rather than indirect democracy representation.b. Yes, consistently American participate in presidential elections over other elections.c. Only in years when the presidential election is particularly interesting.d. No, because Americans are more interested in local issues.

38. The key way in which political parties enable democracy is

a. They stimulate interest among members of the mass publicb. All of thesec. They keep elected officials responsived. They allow a broader spectrum of participants to become involved in politics

39. In democracies around the world, multi-party systems are much more common and one sees small parties that advocate for one issue, one religion, or one demographic group.

a. TRUEb. FALSE

40. Poll results vary based on

a. Whether the method used was approved by the Census Bureau.b. Mean, median, and mode.c. Survey mode, sample size, and population definition.d. The statistical application of the Weights and Measures Bureauâs guidelines.

41. Voters who like a third party are nevertheless inclined to vote for a dominant party candidate for fear they will waste their votes.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

42. National organizations that file amicus curiae briefs are targeting

a. The Congress.b. The courts.c. The presidency.d. The Federal Reserve Bank.

43. Small racial, ethnic, or religious groups in the US

a. Don't have quotas for seats in the schools or government as they do in India.b. Do not have a party which is dedicated to their interests.c. Do not have legislative representation as is the cases in other countries with proportional representation.d. All of these.

44. When is the candidate's website NOT a good source of information?

a. To find more information about the candidate's biography.b. To find out more about the candidate's positions on the issues.c. To find an unbiased account of the candidate's voting history.d. To find out which prominent people and organizations support the candidate.

45. According to the "funnel of causality," party identification is more psychological than anything.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

46. The agencies which connect people to government are called "linkage mechanisms."

a. TRUEb. FALSE

47. Some theorists argue against the pluralists with a "rational actor" argument that says

a. That people are rational and want to maximize benefits and minimize effort, so they do not spend their time and resources to organize.b. That rational people always seek public goods.c. That it is rational to organize to acquire more public goods.d. That rational people really do not want the public goods as much as theorists think.

48. According to Jackson, the digital revolution has given us more information about the candidates,

a. And the candidates usually approve of the things written about them.b. And the information is usually quite accurate.c. But the information is not always accurate.d. But it is not very detailed.

49. Red states mean states that usually vote for the Democratic Party, while blue states mean those that are reliable for the Republican Party.

a. FALSEb. TRUE

50. According to Jackson, what is a core political value that nearly all Americans accept?

a. Equalityb. Democracyc. Libertyd. All of these

IR 212 Lecture 5: Essay on Morgenthau Reading and American Diplomacy

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