Log in
HomeClass Notes1,200,000CA670,000

BIOL 150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Cytosine, Small Interfering Rna, Precursor Mrna

36 views3 pages
sangriapanda804
19 Oct 2016
School
UND
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 150
Professor
Sally Pyle

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Nucleic acids are polymers, just as proteins are polymers. Instead of being assembled from amino acids, nucleic acids are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Ribonucleotides are the monomers of the ribonucleic acid (rna) Deoxy ribonucleotides are the monomers of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) Pyrimidines- cytosine c, uracil (u), and thymine (t) Ribonucleotides use uracil while deoxy ribonucleotides use thymine. The reaction forms a new covalent bond- phosphodiester linkage- between the nucleotides, and a molecule of water is released. When phosphodiester linkages join ribonucleotides together, the polymer that is produced is rna. Like the peptide bonded backbone of a polypeptide, the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is directional. The order of the different nucleotides forms the primary structure of the nucleic acid. The primary structure of dna is somewhat similar to the primary structure of proteins. Dna molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone, created by phosphodiester linkages, and a sequence of any four nitrogenous bases that extend from it.

Get access

Grade+
$40 USD/m
Billed monthly
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
10 Verified Answers
Class+
$30 USD/m
Billed monthly
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
7 Verified Answers

Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

11 - Can you distinguish carboxylic acid, amino, and phosphate functional groups?

12- The 4 major types of macromolecules found in living cells are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

13- What distinguishes a monomer from a polymer. What are the monomer subunits that are used to produce the different types of macromolecules.

14- What is the general formula for a carbohydrate.

15- What are biologically important kinds of lipids. Why are these molecules important.

16- The monomer building block of a protein is an amino acid. What is the basic structure of an amino acid.

17- A nucleotide (the monomer building block of a nucleic acid) is comprised of a nitrogen base, a pentose (5C) sugar, and at least one phosphate.

18- What is the complete name for the nitrogen bases commonly referred to as A, G , C, T, and U. Which are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

19- What is the significance ATP?

20- Generally speaking, what are the functions of the different types of macromolecules.

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from start to finish) in cellular fatty acid oxidation?

A. Fatty acid activationà carnitine shuttleà beta-oxidation

B. Beta-oxidationà carnitine shuttleà Fatty acid activation

C. Fatty acid activationà carnitine shuttleà beta-oxidation

D. Carnitine shuttleà Fatty acid activationà beta-oxidation

2. What reaction is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase, or lipase?

A. Hydrolysis of TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol

B. Hydrolysis of TAGs into amino acids and glycerol

C. Hydrolysis of cholesterol in to fatty acid and water

D. Hydrolysis of cholesterol into acetyl-CoA

3. How do fatty acids of different carbon lengths cross into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation?

A. Small FAs of 10 carbons or fewer can freely diffuse through the membrane

B. Large FAs are cleaved into two smaller units that are actively transported across the membrane

C. A membrane-bound transferase catalyzes the conversion of long-chain FAs and FA-carnitine esters, which are transported across the membrane via a specific carrier

D. The breakdown of large FAs starts outside the matrix, allowing for the smaller particles to pass easily through the membrane

4. How can any RNA nucleotide be easily distinguished from a DNA nucleotide?

A. RNA nucleotides have a unique phosphodiester bond linkage

B. RNA nucleotides have uracil nitrogenous bases

C. RNA nucleotides have an -OH on the 2’ carbon of the ribose

D. RNA nucleotides cannot be easily distinguished from DNA nucleotides

5. Which of the following statement is true concerning the sequence pTACGTAACGTA?

A. This is an RNA sequence

B. In order to have a more rigid structure in a double-stranded molecule, the sequence given would need more adenosine

C. If the complementary strand were present, the number of purines would be equal to the number of pyrimidines

D. The amount of purines is equal to the amount to pyrimidines

6. Complementary base pairing is considered which level of structure?

A. Secondary

B. Tertiary

C. Quaternary

D. Primary

7. Which of the following is/are required for the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase III?

I. RNA primer

II. DNA primer

III. RNA template

IV. DNA template

V. NTPs

VI. dNTPs

VII. Magnesium

VIII. Calcium

A. II, IV, V, and VII

B. II, IV, VI, and VII

C. I, IV, V, and VIII

D. I, IV, VI, and VII

8. DNA polymerase I, from E. coli, has three different catalytic sites. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

9. Eukaryotes solve the problem of replicating the ends of their linear chromosomes by:

A. Using a protein as primer

B. Enzyme activity that uses an RNA template and reverse transcription in a series of repeat cycles

C. All of the listed solution

D. Terminal redundancy whereby each end of the chromosome is duplicated allowing recombination