PHAR 1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Thymus, Thoracic Cavity, Trachea

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17 Apr 2018

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Whole body organ systems organs tissues cells organelles molecules atoms. Cytology: study of cell structure and function. Endoplasmic reticulum: makes steroids, lipids, and detoxifies. Histology: study of the structure and functions of tissues. Bones: hardest connective tissue due to presence of calcium mineral salts. Matrix: deposited by bone cells containing a blood vessel. Osteoclasts: dissolve bone matrix to release ca. Cartilage: flexible, rubbery matrix in order to function as a shock absorber and a gliding surface. Ligaments: strips or bands of fibrous connective tissue. Tendons: thick, strong ligaments that attach muscles to bone. Synovial fluid: secreted by the synovial membrane - a slippery fluid retained in the joint. Transverse/horizontal: plane passing across the body parallel to the floor and perpendicular to the body"s long axis. Sagittal: vertical that divides the body into right and left portions. Frontal/coronal: vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) positions. Cranial cavity: contains brain within the skull.

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Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

Value: 1

Anabolic pathways of metabolism are pathways that:

a. build complex molecules from simple ones.

b. release stored chemical energy.

c. take place primarily in skeletal muscle

d. make large quantities of ATP.

Value: 2

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as _______________.

Value: 3

Organisms that derive both their energy and carbon from organic compounds are:

a. photoautotrophs.

b. chemoautotrophs.

c. chemoheterotrophs.

d. photoheterotrophs

Value: 4

It is often stated that the phosphate bonds in ATP are "high energy," but in fact, they are not notably high in energy. Rather, they are easy to break, and the âG of hydrolysis is a "useful" quantity of energy. What makes the phosphate bonds easy to break?

a. They are close to the destabilizing nitrogenous base adenosine

b. Positive charges on amino groups repel each other.

c. Negative charges on phosphate groups repel each other

d. High acidity attacks bonds between amino acids.

Value: 5

Which of the following describes ATP hydrolysis? Select all that apply

[mark all correct answers]
a. exergonic

b. spontaneous

c. often coupled to a reaction that has a positive ÎG

Value: 6

Which of the following describes catabolic reactions?

a. They are endergonic and have a negative change in free energy

b. They are exergonic and have a negative change in free energy

c. They are exergonic and have a positive change in free energy.

d. They are endergonic and have a positive change in free energy.

Value: 7

Why are cells not infinitely big?

a. Because they wouldn't fit in an organism

b. Because they would have a small surface area:volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too slowly

c. Because they would have a large surface area to volume ratio and substances would diffuse in and out too quickly

Value: 9

How is organelle movement around cells controlled?

a. the nucleus directs the movement of organelles in a cell

b. the cytoskeleton is like a monorail that moves organelles in a cell via motor proteins

c. organelles do not move, they have a fixed position in the cell

d. organelles move by facilitated diffusion in the cell

Value: 10

1. Prokaryotic cells lack:

a. a. A nucleus

b. organelles

c. cell membrane

d. DNA

e. A and B

Value: 11

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

a. a. Makes cell membranes

b. has ribosomes attached

c. are a site of protein synthesis

d. all of the above

Value: 12

Match the items.

The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives.

a. help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles.
b. Takes in molecules in transport vesicles, modifies them, and sends them back out in vesicles
c. makes sugar
d. makes ATP
e. assembles the ribosomes
f. gives the cell structure
g. move material around the cell

1. vesicles	a b c d e f g
2. cytoskeleton	a b c d e f g
3. the golgi apparatus	a b c d e f g
4. lysosomes	a b c d e f g
5. mitochondrion	a b c d e f g
6. chloroplast	a b c d e f g
7. nucleolus

1. Asbestosis is a disease that results in damage to the lungsbecause (there may be more than one answer)

a. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

b. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

c. the lysosomes that absorb the asbestos release enzymes thatkill the lung tissue cells

d. the lung tissue becomes scarred and can nolonger function tobring oxygen into the blood

2. Which of the phases of cellular respiration breaks down theglucose molecule?

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasmamembrane?

a. allows all substances to enter the cell

b. helps bind cells to eachother so that they can form tissuesand organs

c. allows the cell to recognize other cells

d. allows cells to "talk" to eachother

4. Which of the following mechanisms of transport across thecell requires energy?

a. osmosis

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. active transport

5. Which of the following organelles acts as the "powerhouse" ofthe cell, i.e. it produces the cell's energy.

a. nucleus

b. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

6. Figure 3.9 in your textbook demonstrates what happens to ared blood cell when it is put into varying solutions. The bags inthe beakers represent a single red blood cell.

What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into ahypertonic solution?

a. stays the same and is fully functional

b. shrinks and no longer functions the way it's supposed to

c. gets larger and no longer functions the way it's supposedto

d. the shape stays the same but the red blood cell is no longerfunctional

7. Which of the following real-life situations would result inthe blood (note that this is referring to the liquid part of theblood, not the blood cells - the accurate name for this wouldactually be "blood plasma") becoming too hypotonic?

a. getting stranded in the middle of a dessert and becomingseverely dehydrated

b. drinking gatorade to replenish fluids during a basketballgame

c. drinking too much water so that your body can't get rid ofthe water quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood plasmatonicity

d. being stranded in the middle of the ocean, drinking the saltyocean water

8. The golgi complex acts as the "UPS" of the cell - itprocesses and packages materials and sends them to theirdestinations.

True

False

9. The lysosome acts as the "stomach" of the cell; it digestsparticles that are no longer needed in the cell or have been takenup into the cell to be broken down.

True

False

10. We need oxygen to survive because oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose to form ATP. When we are deprived of oxygen, our cellssuddenly stop producing ATP and we can only survive for a fewminutes with whatever ATP remains in our cells.

True

False

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PHAR 1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Thymus, Thoracic Cavity, Trachea

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