BIOLOGY 151 Lecture Notes - Chromatin, Chromosome, Cell Plate

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roseimpala963

29 Nov 2012

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In eukaryotes, most dividing cells go through a cycle that consists of four phases. After chromosomes are copied during s phase, they are moved to the middle of the cell during m phase (mitosis). One chromosome copy is distributed to each of the two daughter cells. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two cells that are genetically identical to the parents. Progression through the cell cycle is carefully controlled. In multicellular organisms, uncontrolled cell division may lead to cancer. Different types of cancer results from different types of defects in control over the cell cycle. Cells arise through the division of preexisting cells. There are two types of cell division: meiosis and mitosis. Both forms of cell division are usually accompanied by cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides into two distinct daughter cells. Meiosis leads to the production of gametes (eggs and sperm: daughter cells have half the amount of genetic material as the parent cell.

Related Questions

1- Most of a cell's life is spend in this phase of the cell cycle:

--------------------

2- The cell cycle is a highly regulated process.

True

False

3- Cells replicate their DNA during ________________ phase.

4- In animal cells, ________________________ is the indentation of the cell's surface that marks cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

cleavage furrow

binary fission

cell plate

sister chromatids

5- Somatic ("body") cells are _______________ (2n). This means there are two copies of each chromosome.

6- During the _______ phase(s) cells perform their everyday functions.

7- When chromosomes are duplicated the two strands are called _______________________________ and they are linked together at a point called the ____________________.

sister strands; kinetochore

sister chromatids; centromere

dual chromatids; centromere

genes; chromatid

8- New somatic âbodyâ cells are formed by this process:

meiosis

binary fission

replication

mitosis

9- The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

10- Cells replicate their DNA during ________________ phase.

pucecat917

Question 3 (5 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 3 options:

	telophase II
	meiosis II
	telophase I
	anaphase I
	anaphase II

1.	Division, beginning without DNA replication, that resembles and produces four haploid cell.s
2.	Phase of meiosis when chiasmata are broken as spindle fibers shorten and homologous pairs are pulled apart.
3.	Phase of meiosis when sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
4.	Phase of meiosis in which homologues cluster at the poles of the cells and the nuclear envelope reforms.
5.	Phase of meiosis in which four different haploid cells are present.

Question 4 (7 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 4 options:

	G0
	telophase
	G2
	mitosis
	cytokinesis
	cell cycle
	S

1.	The phase in which the cell synthesizes a replica of its genome
2.	The overall process of genome duplication
3.	The phase in the cell cycle during which mitochondria and other organelles replicate.
4.	The phase in mitosis when chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and the spindle apparatus disappears
5.	A resting state that cells often enter before resuming cell division.
6.	The phase in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides creating two daughter cells.
7.	The phase in the cell cycle in which the spindle apparatus assembles and sister chromatids move apart.

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Question 5 (6 points)

Put the events of a MAP kinase cascade in the correct order.

Question 5 options:

	MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates another kinase
	MAPKK phosphorylates and activates MAPK
	Binding of MAPKKK to Ras
	External signal binds to membrane receptor and activates receptor kinase.
	MAPK phosphorylates an inactive response protein and activates it.
	Phosphorylation of receptor kinase and interaction with RAS

Recap/Brush up: What is the difference between Mitosis andMeiosis? For simplicity, assume that the division of nuclei isfollowed by cell division (M-phase contain cytokinesis).

Note: if this is for a prep, then drawing a roster or gridmatrix may be helpful for answering and learning.

In Mitosis, the number of chromosomes(remains unchanged, isdivided in half, is duplicated); in Meiosis it is (remainsunchanged, is divided in half, is duplicated)

Cells resulting from Mitosis have (twice the, the same, halfthe) number of gene sets of the predecessor cell; cells resultingfrom Meiosis have (twice the, the same, half the) number of genesets of the predecessor cell.

Cells resulting from Mitosis (twice the, the same, half the)number of Loci of the predecessor cell; cells resulting fromMeiosis have (twice the, the same, half the) number ofLoci of thepredecessor cell.

If the the predecessor cell is diploid, then cells resultingfrom Mitosis (are haploid, are triploid, are diploid, cannotoccur); cells resulting from Meiosis (are haploid, are triploid,are diploid, cannot occur).

If the the predecessor cell is haploid, then cells resultingfrom Mitosis (are haploid, are triploid, are diploid, cannotoccur); cells resulting from Meiosis (are haploid, are triploid,are diploid, cannot occur).

If the the predecessor cell is triploid, then cells resultingfrom Mitosis (are haploid, are triploid, are diploid, cannotoccur); cells resulting from Meiosis (are haploid, are triploid,are diploid, cannot occur).

Mitosis consists of (one, several, two, three)cycles of phases,resulting in(two,one,several,four) cells; Meiosis consists of (one,several, two, three) cycles of phases resulting in(two,one,several,four) cells.

Different from Mitosis, Meiosis(isolates,recombines, justduplicates) each allele. In fertilization, allelesare(recombined,isolated).

periwinklesea-lion695

BIOLOGY 151 Lecture Notes - Chromatin, Chromosome, Cell Plate

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