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EEB 390 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Behavioral Ecology, Sociobiology, Herbivore

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School
U of M
Department
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Course
EEB 390
Professor
Jeff Smith

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Document Summary

Children are born with a sense of fairness. An important point to understand is that behaviors can evolve so behavioral ecology is a sub eld where people talk about the interaction different species or individuals in populations and how they in uence each other. There is variation in behavior and that variation is heritable can be acted on by natural selection and there are behaviors that con rm to this and we can study them in evolutionary context. We can realize there are difference in behavior. And so we can say that evolutionary context. Ex) the fact that they are squirrels so may be more timid and some may be more bold and populations can you know evolve in that regard if it"s heritable. You can also select for more aggressive mice and more or less exploratory birds and so you know on the short time scales even demonstrated evolution and behaviors.

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Related Questions

1.

Which of the following have been used by scientists to determine evolutionary relationships and divergence times between primate species or lineages?

A. evidence from the fossil record
B. behavioral observations of living primates
C. molecular phylogenies
D. all of the above
E. A and C are correct

2.

Problems with interpreting information from the fossil record include:

A. variation within one species may be misinterpreted (e.g. as multiple species rather than one)
B. differential preservation results in sample fossil populations which don’t reflect the size of past populations
C. a species sometimes has to be defined on the basis of only one fossil specimen
D. all of the above
E. none of the above; scientists don’t find any problems with interpreting fossils because the evidence is always so clear and unquestionable

3.

Cultural practices - such as those pertaining to agriculture - can play a significant role in influencing the evolution of infectious disease microbes.

True
False

4.

Populations that evolved to include high numbers of individuals with the "thrifty genotype" include higher frequencies of the following health problems:

A. influenza
B. obesity
C. diabetes
D. all of the above
E. B and C are correct

5.

Human behavior is one of the critical factors that contribute to the evolution of more virulent (harmful) bacterial and viral strains.

True
False

6.

Large agricultural and urban populations may be more vulnerable to infectious disease due to their:

A. larger population size
B. larger homes and dwelling structures
C. sedentary lifestyle
D. all of the above
E. both A and C are correct

Question 1

Evolutionary algorithms are used:

In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve.
A genetic feature of complex organisms.
A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection.
Another term used for a computer algorithm in general.

Question 2

Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:

There is no other way of studying these things.
Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them).
Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other.
Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer.

Question 3

The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:

Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges.
A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point.
Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria.
An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other.

Question 4

Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:

It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science.
It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking.
It tells us which theories are definitely true or false.
It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science.

Please answer the question after reading the paragraph.

We have a global health challenge in our hands today, and that is that the way we currently discover and develop new drugs is too costly, takes far too long, and it fails more often than it succeeds. It really just isn't working, and that means that patients that badly need new therapies are not getting them, and diseases are going untreated. We seem to be spending more and more money. So for every billion dollars we spend in R&D, we're getting less drugs approved into the market. More money, less drugs. Now we have a whole pipeline of different organ chips that we are currently working on in our labs. Now, the true power of this technology, however, really comes from the fact that we can fluidically link them. There's fluid flowing across these cells, so we can begin to interconnect multiple different chips together to form what we call a virtual human on a chip. Now we're really getting excited.We're not going to ever recreate a whole human in these chips, but what our goal is is to be able to recreate sufficient functionality so that we can make better predictions of what's going to happen in humans. For example, now we can begin to explore what happens when we put a drug like an aerosol drug. Those of you like me who have asthma, when you take your inhaler, we can explore how that drug comes into your lungs, how it enters the body, how it might affect, say, your heart. Does it change the beating of your heart? Does it have a toxicity? Does it get cleared by the liver? Is it metabolized in the liver? Is it excreted in your kidneys? We can begin to study the dynamic response of the body to a drug. Organs on chips could also change the way we do clinical trials in the future. Right now, the average participant in a clinical trial is that: average. Tends to be middle aged, tends to be female. You won't find many clinical trials in which children are involved, yet every day, we give children medications, and the only safety data we have on that drug is one that we obtained from adults. Children are not adults. They may not respond in the same way adults do. There are other things like genetic differences in populations that may lead to at-risk populations that are at risk of having an adverse drug reaction. Now imagine if we could take cells from all those different populations, put them on chips, and create populations on a chip. This could really change the way we do clinical trials. And this is the team and the people that are doing this. We have engineers, we have cell biologists, we have clinicians, all working together. We're really seeing something quite incredible at the Wyss Institute. It's really a convergence of disciplines, where biology is influencing the way we design, the way we engineer, the way we build. It's pretty exciting.

Question: For years, technology and medicine have joined together to pave the way or even solve some of the world’s greatest issues in healthcare. These issues include but are not limited to incurable diseases and disorders like AIDS and cancer. According to Geraldine Hamilton however, we as a population are spending too much money to develop drugs and solutions to these issues, only to be at a deficit with the drugs actually produced. She believes that one of the keys is how we test these drugs and finding more efficient ways to do so. As a result, she suggests the use of organs on chips, an innovation created and pioneered by her lab. The use of organs on chips could change the way new drugs are released and tested, thus possibly furthering the process of creating solutions to healthcare’s problems. Where is the fine line between technology and human innovation? Is human innovation gradually becoming depending on technology? (At least two paragraphs, a paragraph is at least 5 sentences long.)