BIOLOGY 172 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hydrolysis, Thymidine, Gibbs Free Energy

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15 Oct 2016

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All living cells have dna as their genetic material. Dna can be used to make a template called rna in transcription. A gene is being transcribed, aka a part of the dna. Dna is then transcribed into rna in the nucleus and then are shuttled out the nucleus into the cytoplasm where they are translated. The hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the two dna strands together. )t always goes from 5" to (cid:885)" on the rna. This means on the dna, the strand goes from (cid:885)" to 5". Rna synthesis always occurs from the 5" to the (cid:885)". The next nucleotide that will be added to a rna transcript will always be added to the (cid:885)" end. The dna strands are being held together by hydrogen bonds between the complimentary bases. When transcription starts, the hydrogen bonds between the two strands are broken. Transcription starts at specific places in the genes.

Related Questions

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

DNA Structure
Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?

Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.

Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?

List the three components of a nucleotide.

DNA Replication
What is the purpose of DNA replication?

How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?

In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original	New
C
A
G
T

RNA Structure

Describe the structure and function of RNA.

Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA	RNA
C
A
G
T

Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

	DNA	RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands

RNA Synthesis

The process of assembling RNA is called _________.

How is replication different from transcription?

Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3â end of the DNA strand and the 5â end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3â

5â

mRNA

5â

3â

Protein Synthesis

What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

If a mRNA strand has the bases 5â CUC 3â, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

Where in the cell does translation occur?

Genes

What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?

Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Gene Cloning

What is the function of a plasmid?

Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

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What is DNA?

1. DNA is often referred to as a ladder. What pieces of the DNA molecule make up the rungs of the ladder (the steps)?

2. What pieces of the DNA molecule make up the sides of the ladder?

3. What types of bond occurs between the bases in the DNA molecule?

4. What makes up chromosomes? What is Gene?

5. How long does it take 1 cell to copy its genetic information? 6. How does the DNA copy itself so fast? What tricks does it use?

7. Describe how the bonds between base pairs work to hold the DNA strand together

DNA Replication

1. How many genes are in the human genome?

2. What are the differences between mRNA and DNA?

3. Where in the cell does transcription and translation occur? (give both places)

4. Which RNA piece reads the mRNA and how does it do this?

5. What is the start sequence? What amino acid does this code for?

6. What 3 codes tell ribosomal RNA to stop reading and release the protein?

DNA Extraction

1. List three differences between the virtual DNA extraction lab and the banana extraction lab you did last week.

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5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

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BIOLOGY 172 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Hydrolysis, Thymidine, Gibbs Free Energy

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