GEOG 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Bracero Program, Foreign Worker, Mobilities
1 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Migration, Mobility, & Citizenship
I. Central Articulations of Discourse on Immigration Policies
•migrants form America — place of refugee (statue of liberty is symbolic of this)
•immigration is devouring us
II. History of US Immigration Policy
•1882 : Chinese Exclusion Act
-first immigration act passed by Congress
-racial exclusion
•1924 : Immigration Act (further restrictions)
•1930s : Between 500,000 & 2million Mexican Americans, mostly US citizens, forcibly sent
to Mexico
•1942-1964 : Bracero Program —> provides framework for contemporary policy
-provides framework for low-wage, short-term Mexican labor & temporary migration
-a formal integration of Mexican workers into US
-codified law-wage labor
-terminated in 1964. . . 1965, began informal framework of undocumented migration
•1960s : National quota system abolished —> racial discrimination is illegal
•1980 : Refugee Act —> refugees legally allowed to enter
-Ronald Reagan, “Rather than making them or talking about putting up a fence, why
don't we work out some recognition of our mutual problems, make it possible for
them to come here legally with a work permit, & then while they're working and
earning here, they pay taxes here”
•Stats
-undocumented immigration has decreased
-13.3% of U.S. population are immigrants from outside the US
-3.5% of US population are undocumented immigrants
III. Mobility & Migration
•Key Terms
-mobility : ability to move from one place to another
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-migration : long distance move to a new location
-internal migration —> occurs within the borders of nation-state
-international migration —> crosses national borders
-immigration : moving TO a particular place
-emigration : moving FROM a particular place
-push factors : causes/forces that lead people to leave
-ex. war, famine, corrupt govt, coercion, natural disasters
-pull factors : causes/factors that lead people to come
-ex. economic stability ($), safety, employment, friends/family
•Voluntary Migration —> migration that is willfully chosen
-can be international or internal
-labor migration (moving to find work)
-guest worker or foreign worker programs
•Amenity Migration —> migration to get to somewhere desirable
-predominately an affluent movement
•Forced Migration —> migration caused by pushes; involuntary
-refugees : individuals who cross national boundaries to seek safety & asylum
-internally displaced persons : individuals whoa re uprooted within the boundaries of
their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse—govt oppression
-political asylum : a person persecuted by his or her own country is protected by
another sovereign authority
•Causes of Displacement
a. Conflict-Induced —> a result of armed conflict (ex. civil war, generalized violence,
persecution; contemporary: Syrian Civil War)
b. Development-Induced —> a result of policies & projects implemented to advance
‘developmental’ efforts (large scale infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, ports,
airports; urban clearance initiatives; mining & deforestations; introduction of
conservation parks/reserves)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Migration, mobility, & citizenship: central articulations of discourse on immigration policies, migrants form america place of refugee (statue of liberty is symbolic of this, immigration is devouring us. History of us immigration policy: 1882 : chinese exclusion act. Racial exclusion: 1924 : immigration act (further restrictions, 1930s : between 500,000 & 2million mexican americans, mostly us citizens, forcibly sent to mexico, 1942-1964 : bracero program > provides framework for contemporary policy. Provides framework for low-wage, short-term mexican labor & temporary migration. A formal integration of mexican workers into us. 1965, began informal framework of undocumented migration: 1960s : national quota system abolished > racial discrimination is illegal, 1980 : refugee act > refugees legally allowed to enter. 13. 3% of u. s. population are immigrants from outside the us. 3. 5% of us population are undocumented immigrants. Mobility : ability to move from one place to another. Migration : long distance move to a new location.
