ECO 2013 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Economic Equilibrium, Economic Surplus, Demand Curve
Market Equilibrium
Shifts in Demand and Supply curves on Market Equilibrium graph
Supply shift LEFT
Supply shift RIGHT
Demand shift LEFT
Q: DECREASE
P: ?
Q: ?
P: DECREASE
Demand shift RIGHT
Q: ?
P: INCREASE
Q: INCREASE
P: ?
● Consumer Surplus: The difference between the value of a unit of a good or
service and the price that is actually paid, summed across all units that are
purchased.
○ On the demand curve graph:
■ CS = ½(quantity)(price)
● Producer Surplus: The difference between minimum price that a seller would
supply a unit of a good or service for and the price they actually recieve, summed
across all units that are sold.
○ On the supply curve graph:
■ PS: ½(quantity)(price)
● Total Surplus = Producer Surplus + Consumer Surplus
Taxes
● 2 different types of taxes
○ Excise Tax: Quantity tax; for every unit bought you must the tax for each.
○ Ad Valorem Tax: Percentage tax based on total price you pay.
■ Ex: sales taxes, property taxes
● Taxes on buyers vs. taxes on sellers
○ Has the same outcome
○ Doesn’t matter who you collect the tax from
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