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BSC 2011 Lecture 23: BSC2011 Plants (all)

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School
University of Florida
Department
Biology - Biological Sciences
Course
BSC 2011
Professor
Norman Douglas, Jennie De Marco, Keith Choe

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Document Summary

Tree of life: all living organisms are related to one another. Root: single common ancestor for all living organisms. Speciation: species split to form two different populations. Phylogenetic tree: a diagrammatic reconstruction of that history. Note that a phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis, based on evidence, for what is likely to be true. Phylogenies are used in all areas of biology, and provide the basis for classification (systematics), as well as a framework for understanding evolution of characteristics. A lineage is a series of ancestor and descendant populations, shown as a line drawn on a time axis. When a single lineage divides into two, it is depicted as a split. Each descendant population gives rise to a new lineage, which continues to evolve. A & b share a more recent common ancestor, and thus are more closely related. A & b & c form a clade.

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Related Questions

What problems does horizontal gene transfer cause for evolutionary biologists?

It can make reconstruction of phylogenetic trees difficult because it can obscure phylogenetic relationships.
It can cause physiological problems in some organisms, making it hard to study them.
It can make breeding between different individuals of the same species difficult.
Because it is transfer of genes between the same species, it can make individuals look more similar than they actually are.

All of the above

Which statement best describes the maximum parsimony approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees?

A pathway is constructed that requires the minimum number of changes to arrive at the modern species from a common ancestor.
The tree is based on relationships that show the maximum probability of obtaining a set of characteristics.
Relationships on the tree are based on overall similarity between species.
Branches on the tree are constructed from the predicted date of speciation, measured in millions of years.
The best phylogeny is selected by comparing models representing random mutation and adaptive radiation.

Evolution and Speciation

Define evolution. Why is it inaccurate for creationists to tout evolution as “just a theory”? (Think about what theory actually means in scientific terms vs. the use of the word “theory” in casual conversations).

Explain what the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium shows and describe the conditions necessary for the equilibrium to be maintained.

Explain what factors cause populations to diverge from the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium and how each factor causes the change.

Describe how species evolve via natural selection. (Be sure to discuss the key aspects of natural selection: variation, heredity differential survival and reproductive success in your answer).

What does speciation mean and how can it occur?

What does adaptation mean? Why is natural selection the only agent of evolutionary change that leads to adaptation? (Think about how natural selection works).

Is natural selection all powerful? Can it create any variation that you or I could think of? Why or why not?

Differentiate between natural and sexual selection.

What is reproductive isolation?

Describe prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation and explain how they can contribute to speciation.

Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation and explain how each leads to new species.

What is adaptive radiation?

Be able to read and interpret phylogenetic trees: be able to determine which species are most closely related to each other, what nodes represent, where common ancestors would be located, etc.

What are paraphyletic, polyphyletic and monophyletic groups within a phylogeny?