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BSC 2010 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Ribosomal Rna, Messenger Rna, Alkaptonuria

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School
University of Florida
Department
Biology - Biological Sciences
Course
BSC 2010
Professor
Cuddy Katrina

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Document Summary

10. 1 genetics shows that genes code for proteins. 10. 2 dna expression begins with its transcription to rna. 10. 3 the genetic code in rna is translated into the amino acid sequences of proteins. Chapter 10 from dna to protein: gene expression. 10. 4 translation of the genetic code is mediated by trna and ribosomes. Identification of proteins as gene products began in the early 20th century. Children with a rare disease called alkaptonuria had parents who were first cousins. Garrod realized they must be homozygous for a recessive mutant gene. He isolated homogentisic acid from the children, which accumulated in the blood, joints, and urine. Garrod speculated that homogentisic acid is normally broken down to a harmless product by an enzyme, but the dominant wild-type allele for the enzyme was mutated in alkaptonuria patients. These and other studies led him to correlate one gene to one enzyme. Homogentisic acid is part of a biochemical pathway of protein breakdown.

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Related Questions

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

View/perform/read ALL THREE of the following prior to answeringthe questions.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro10.swf::Stepsin Cloning a Gene (Links to an external site.)

http://www.discoverbiotech.com/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Applications ofCloning (Links to an external site.)

http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cloning/cloning.htm(Links to an external site.)

Skip to question text.

From the list below, which of the following is the most logicalsequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid andinserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transformbacteria with recombinant DNA molecule
II. Cutthe plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes
III. Extractplasmid DNA from bacterial cells
IV. Hydrogen-bondthe plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments
V. Useligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA

IV, V, I, II, III
III, II, IV, V, I
III, IV, V, I, II
II, III, V, IV, I
I, II, IV, III, V

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Plasmids (or vectors) are important in biotechnology becausethey are

a vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA intobacteria.
surfaces for respiratory processes in bacteria.
recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands.
surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants.
proviruses incorporated into the host DNA

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Plasmids are put into bacterial cells by

restriction enzymes
DNA ligase
binding of cohesive sticky ends
transformation

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Restriction enzymes usually

cut donor DNA evenly so smooth edges result
cut donor DNA but do not affect plasmids
make staggered cuts at specific sequences in DNA in both donorDNA and plasmid
are used in ligating plasmids into bacterial host cells
more than one of the above

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After combining DNA fragments in a cloning experiment, ___ isused to covalently join the DNA segments.

Restriction enzyme
DNA Ligase
Reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase
Helicase

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It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism tofunction in any other organism. Why is this possible?

All organisms have ribosomes.
All organisms have the same genetic code.
All organisms are made up of cells.
All organisms have similar nuclei.
All organisms have transfer RNA.

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Skip to question text.

Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid andsomeone gives you a DNA sample cut with restriction enzyme X. Thegene you wish to insert from the given sample has sites on bothends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with asingle site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to

cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert thefragments cut with Y into the plasmid.
cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into theplasmid.
cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert thesefragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme.
cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate thetwo fragments onto the ends of the human DNA fragments cut withrestriction enzyme X.
insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmidwithout cutting the plasmid.

Flag this Question

Which of the following is/are false in regard to expressionplasmids (also called expression vectors)?

They are used to make proteins using a cloned gene.
They contain a promotor.
They are the first plasmid type used to clone a gene.
They contain a terminator.
More than one of the above is false.

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What is NOT a potential problem(s) associated with usingbacteria containing a cloned eukaryotic gene (e.g. a human gene) toproduce a functional protein?

If the eukaryotic gene contains introns the bacteria will notremove them and the resulting amino acid sequence will be differentthat that made by a eukaryote.
The bacteria may not fold the protein correctly.
The bacteria may degrade the protein.
All of the above are potential problems.

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Cloning allows for production of proteins in much larger amountsthan occurs in the cells from which the gene is isolated.

True
False

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Question 111 pts

Gene cloning is used to do all of the following except

Make insulin
Making genetically identical animals (e.g. Dolly thesheep)
Make vaccines
Perform Gene Therapy
Making genetically engineered plants

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In your

QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

Assigned as

Homework

21

The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

A

Amino acids

B

Translation

C

Proteins

D

Carbohydrates

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QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

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22

Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

A

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

B

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

C

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

D

All three choices may cause mutations.

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QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

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23

Mutations are the result of which of the following?

A

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

B

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

C

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

D

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

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QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

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24

There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

A

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

B

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

C

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

D

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

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QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

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25

Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

A

Apoptotic genes

B

Oncogenes

C

Restriction genes

D

Tumor suppressor genes

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QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

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26

The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

A

Mutation

B

Evolution

C

Infection

D

Syncopation

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QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

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27

Punnett's square is which of the following?

A

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

B

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

C

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

D

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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28

Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A

A fetus

B

Formation of a blastocyst

C

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

D

Fewer number of cells

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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29

For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

A

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

B

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

C

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

D

Differentiated cells form tissues

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QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

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30

A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

A

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

B

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

C

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

D

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.