ENWC201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Lythrum Salicaria, Introduced Species, Pterois
15 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Introduced species
nay, ill have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but "mortimer"
This line made us we think starlings in the US
§
○
Brought 100 starlings to the US
○
100 starlings then = 200,000,000 today
○
Outcompete our native birds
○
•
Introduced species
Conservation implications
○
Impacts of invasions
○
What determines whether a species becomes invasive
○
How are species introduced
○
•
Conservation implications
The "good"
Industrialized agriculture = introduced species
Chickens, potatoes, pigs
□
§
Hundreds of billions of dollars a year in the united states alone
§
○
The bad
Unplanned introductions/poorly planned introductions - not in
captivity
Not every introduced species is successful
Invasive
All that succeed have some ecological impact
◊
Some have dramatic impacts
◊
®
□
§
○
The ugly
Ex lion fish
§
○
•
20% of endangered species are threatened by introduced species
What's the problem with a few extra zebra mussels?
15,000 mussels/sq meter
Clogged pipes, kill birds, etc
□
§
$1,000,000,000 for Zebra mussel control in the first 10 years of
invasion
§
The list goes on
$200,000,000/yr on shipworms□
$45,000,000/yr on purple loosestrife□
§
○
•
Take home message:
Broad scale
○
Positive and negative effects
○
Worth taking a closer look
○
•
Impacts of invasions
Population and community impacts
Introduced predators
§
Introduced competitors
§
○
Morphological and behavioral impacts
○
Genetic and evolutionary impacts
○
Ecosystem impacts
○
•
Introduced predators
Brown tree snake
Introduced to Guam shortly after ww2
§
Slowly spread
§
1960's population increases
§
15 species of birds extirpated
§
4 subspecies of birds endemic to guam extinct
§
More birds now threatened
§
5000/km squared
§
Desperate times for biodiversity
All the things that like to eat spiders are gone□
§
Other species eaten
Anoles□
Geckos□
Skinks□
Rats□
Bats□
§
Whats the biggest fear about the brown tree snake in guam?
That it will get to other islands□
§
○
Other notorious predator introductions
The giant african snail --> hawaii
§
Rosy wolfsnail brought to be a predator to the giant african snail
Caused 15 endemic snails extinct, not the giant african snail□
§
Same thing in french polynesia
56 of 61 partulid snails on french polynesia□
§
Cats
Outdoor cats kill things□
Highest percent effect on amount of animals they have killed□
§
○
•
Introduced competitors
Back to the musesels
Not directly praying on other mussels
§
40-75% of native musseld in great lakes extirpated or under great
concern
§
○
•
Combo of predator and competitor
Argentine ant
Form super colonies
§
Eat other insects and wipe out native species
§
Competitor with costal horn lizard who likes to eat the same insects
§
○
•
Sometimes an invader interacts to increase the affect of another invader
Gulf of Maine
As cod disappeared, kelp beds disappeared
§
Cod like to eat sea urchins, so when the cod didn't eat the urchins
the urchin ate all the kelp
Caused other fish to disappear□
§
Kelp did not come back when we got rid of the urchins because of
another species of seaweed that outcompeted kelp when it was
weak
§
○
•
Sometimes an invader reduces impacts of another invader
Black sea
Warty comb jelly
Very carnivorous - wiped out plankton□
§
Planktivorous sprat
Also like plankton□
Population plummeted when the jellies came in□
§
Carnivorous jelly came to the black sea and got rid of the comb
jellies
Ate all of them and then it died out□
Black sea brought back to normal□
§
○
•
Morphological and behavioral impacts
Some natives will responf with morphological or behavioral changes
Gulf of maine
European green crab
Ate the snails w crushing claws
®
□
Local snail
Developed increased shell thickness
®
Change in morphology
®
□
§
Europle
Asian flowering plant□
Bumble bees
Native plat visits - 50%
□
§
○
•
Genetic and evolutionary impacts
Hybridization and introgression affects genes
Mallards developed traits that are showy to get a mate (green head)
§
Mallards brought invasive to other countries
§
Females more attracted to mallards bc of green head
§
Genetic introgression
Offspring is fertile - swamps out native species genes □
§
○
•
Ecosystem impacts
Any invader can have ecosystem impacts
○
Some have much larger and more noticeable impacts
○
Nutrias rip the roots out of plants and erode banks
○
Escaped from fur farms
Eat native vegetation
§
Erosion
§
○
•
What determines whether a species becomes invasive
Criteria for a successful invasion
A route in - pathway for invasion
Snakes on a plane □
Spiders in cargo ships□
Weeds on boat trailers □
Intentional introductions□
A new road into the forest□
Any path that can transport species beyond their native range□
The pathway to invasion determines
Propagule Pressure
Quantity of arriving organisms
◊
Quality of arriving organisms
◊
Frequency of arriving organisms
◊
®
Increases likelihood of invasion the greater the pressure
is
®
□
1)
Invading species characteristics
High fecundity□
Dispersal ability□
Generalists (broad tolerance)□
Novelty□
The community where it is established has just as many
important factors
□
Luck can be a factor
The few individuals transported happen to be free of a
disease that limits them in their native rance
®
Or a beneficial genetic variation
®
□
2)
○
•
How are species introduced
Unintentional introductions
Soil ballast too
§
○
Intentional introductions
Common carp are one of the most damaging aquatic species
§
Pet trade
§
Burmese python eat alligators
§
○
•
Delaware invasive species list
New castle county - 372 species
○
Etc
○
Kudzu ~ spreading at 150,000 acres per year in the US
○
Only mammal invasive is the nutria
○
Insects:
Hemlock wooly adelgid
80% of treed dead in 15-20 years□
Many species rely on hemlock□
New species replace hemlock□
Ecosystem is restructured□
§
○
•
Introduced Species
Sunday, April 15, 2018
11:46 PM
Introduced species
nay, ill have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but "mortimer"
This line made us we think starlings in the US
§
○
Brought 100 starlings to the US
○
100 starlings then = 200,000,000 today
○
Outcompete our native birds
○
•
Introduced species
Conservation implications
○
Impacts of invasions
○
What determines whether a species becomes invasive
○
How are species introduced
○
•
Conservation implications
The "good"
Industrialized agriculture = introduced species
Chickens, potatoes, pigs□
§
Hundreds of billions of dollars a year in the united states alone
§
○
The bad
Unplanned introductions/poorly planned introductions - not in
captivity
Not every introduced species is successful
Invasive
All that succeed have some ecological impact
◊
Some have dramatic impacts
◊
®
□
§
○
The ugly
Ex lion fish
§
○
•
20% of endangered species are threatened by introduced species
What's the problem with a few extra zebra mussels?
15,000 mussels/sq meter
Clogged pipes, kill birds, etc□
§
$1,000,000,000 for Zebra mussel control in the first 10 years of
invasion
§
The list goes on
$200,000,000/yr on shipworms
□
$45,000,000/yr on purple loosestrife
□
§
○
•
Take home message:
Broad scale
○
Positive and negative effects
○
Worth taking a closer look
○
•
Impacts of invasions
Population and community impacts
Introduced predators
§
Introduced competitors
§
○
Morphological and behavioral impacts
○
Genetic and evolutionary impacts
○
Ecosystem impacts
○
•
Introduced predators
Brown tree snake
Introduced to Guam shortly after ww2
§
Slowly spread
§
1960's population increases
§
15 species of birds extirpated
§
4 subspecies of birds endemic to guam extinct
§
More birds now threatened
§
5000/km squared
§
Desperate times for biodiversity
All the things that like to eat spiders are gone
□
§
Other species eaten
Anoles
□
Geckos
□
Skinks
□
Rats
□
Bats
□
§
Whats the biggest fear about the brown tree snake in guam?
That it will get to other islands
□
§
○
Other notorious predator introductions
The giant african snail --> hawaii
§
Rosy wolfsnail brought to be a predator to the giant african snail
Caused 15 endemic snails extinct, not the giant african snail
□
§
Same thing in french polynesia
56 of 61 partulid snails on french polynesia
□
§
Cats
Outdoor cats kill things□
Highest percent effect on amount of animals they have killed□
§
○
•
Introduced competitors
Back to the musesels
Not directly praying on other mussels
§
40-75% of native musseld in great lakes extirpated or under great
concern
§
○
•
Combo of predator and competitor
Argentine ant
Form super colonies
§
Eat other insects and wipe out native species
§
Competitor with costal horn lizard who likes to eat the same insects
§
○
•
Sometimes an invader interacts to increase the affect of another invader
Gulf of Maine
As cod disappeared, kelp beds disappeared
§
Cod like to eat sea urchins, so when the cod didn't eat the urchins
the urchin ate all the kelp
Caused other fish to disappear□
§
Kelp did not come back when we got rid of the urchins because of
another species of seaweed that outcompeted kelp when it was
weak
§
○
•
Sometimes an invader reduces impacts of another invader
Black sea
Warty comb jelly
Very carnivorous - wiped out plankton□
§
Planktivorous sprat
Also like plankton□
Population plummeted when the jellies came in□
§
Carnivorous jelly came to the black sea and got rid of the comb
jellies
Ate all of them and then it died out□
Black sea brought back to normal□
§
○
•
Morphological and behavioral impacts
Some natives will responf with morphological or behavioral changes
Gulf of maine
European green crab
Ate the snails w crushing claws
®
□
Local snail
Developed increased shell thickness
®
Change in morphology
®
□
§
Europle
Asian flowering plant□
Bumble bees
Native plat visits - 50%
□
§
○
•
Genetic and evolutionary impacts
Hybridization and introgression affects genes
Mallards developed traits that are showy to get a mate (green head)
§
Mallards brought invasive to other countries
§
Females more attracted to mallards bc of green head
§
Genetic introgression
Offspring is fertile - swamps out native species genes □
§
○
•
Ecosystem impacts
Any invader can have ecosystem impacts
○
Some have much larger and more noticeable impacts
○
Nutrias rip the roots out of plants and erode banks
○
Escaped from fur farms
Eat native vegetation
§
Erosion
§
○
•
What determines whether a species becomes invasive
Criteria for a successful invasion
A route in - pathway for invasion
Snakes on a plane □
Spiders in cargo ships□
Weeds on boat trailers □
Intentional introductions□
A new road into the forest□
Any path that can transport species beyond their native range□
The pathway to invasion determines
Propagule Pressure
Quantity of arriving organisms
◊
Quality of arriving organisms
◊
Frequency of arriving organisms
◊
®
Increases likelihood of invasion the greater the pressure
is
®
□
1)
Invading species characteristics
High fecundity□
Dispersal ability□
Generalists (broad tolerance)□
Novelty□
The community where it is established has just as many
important factors
□
Luck can be a factor
The few individuals transported happen to be free of a
disease that limits them in their native rance
®
Or a beneficial genetic variation
®
□
2)
○
•
How are species introduced
Unintentional introductions
Soil ballast too
§
○
Intentional introductions
Common carp are one of the most damaging aquatic species
§
Pet trade
§
Burmese python eat alligators
§
○
•
Delaware invasive species list
New castle county - 372 species
○
Etc
○
Kudzu ~ spreading at 150,000 acres per year in the US
○
Only mammal invasive is the nutria
○
Insects:
Hemlock wooly adelgid
80% of treed dead in 15-20 years□
Many species rely on hemlock□
New species replace hemlock□
Ecosystem is restructured□
§
○
•
Introduced Species
Sunday, April 15, 2018 11:46 PM
Document Summary
Introduced species nay, ill have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but mortimer This line made us we think starlings in the us. Hundreds of billions of dollars a year in the united states alone. Unplanned introductions/poorly planned introductions - not in captivity. 20% of endangered species are threatened by introduced species. ,000,000,000 for zebra mussel control in the first 10 years of invasion. 4 subspecies of birds endemic to guam extinct. All the things that like to eat spiders are gone. Rosy wolfsnail brought to be a predator to the giant african snail. Caused 15 endemic snails extinct, not the giant african snail. 56 of 61 partulid snails on french polynesia. Highest percent effect on amount of animals they have killed. 40-75% of native musseld in great lakes extirpated or under great concern. Eat other insects and wipe out native species. Competitor with costal horn lizard who likes to eat the same insects.
