BME 80H Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Gynoecium, Reciprocal Cross, Pisum

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bronzetermite837

4 Jun 2018

School

UCSC

Department

Biomolecular Engineering

Course

BME 80H

Professor

Wendy Rothwell

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Lecture 2: Mendelian Genetics I (chapter 3, p. 44-49/42-47)

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) The "Father" of Modern Genetics

I. Who was Gregor Mendel and why is his work so important? (Handout:

Mendel's grant refusal)

• Born in Hynice Moravia

• Augustinian Monk & High School Natural Science Teacher (Substitute)

• Studied @ University of Vienna

• Did not earn a degree in Natural Science

• Not able to complete tests to become a full time science teacher

• Performed his experiments at the Monastery

• Grant proposal was rejected due to the simplicity and long experiment

time to see recessive traits in pea-plants

• Published Experiments in Plant hybrids in 1866- Led to the laws of

inheritance

The Law of Segregation

Each parent carries a pair of factors and contributes

one factor from this pair to the next generation.

The Law of Dominance

If 2 different versions of a factor (gene) are present in

an individual, only the dominant one will be expressed

(seen in the individual= phenotype).

The Law of Independent Assortment

Inheritance of one trait (factor) has no effect on the

inheritance of another one (assort independently of

each other) e.g. the inheritance of pea shape and pea

color do not affect each other.

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II. Designing and Preparing for the Experiments

A. Why the Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum)? (ﬁgure 3.1; Handout: ﬁg

10.1a Freeman, 2002)

• Numerous, clearly distinguishable pairs of traits, no

intermediates!

• Color: yellow or green

• Shape: Round or wrinkled

• Flower Structure:

• Allows for self-fertilization

• Stigma: female reproductive organ

• Contains ovules in a carpel (pea pod)

• Anthers: male reproductive structures

• Contain pollen which allow for fertilization to

occur

• Amenable (well-suited) to controlled crosses

• Peas produce many offspring, which is useful for statistical

quantitative experiments

• Short growth period (64-74 days)

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Document Summary

Lecture 2: mendelian genetics i (chapter 3, p. 44-49/42-47) Gregor mendel (1822-1884) the father of modern genetics: who was gregor mendel and why is his work so important? (handout: Each parent carries a pair of factors and contributes one factor from this pair to the next generation. If 2 different versions of a factor (gene) are present in an individual, only the dominant one will be expressed (seen in the individual= phenotype). Inheritance of one trait (factor) has no effect on the inheritance of another one (assort independently of each other) e. g. the inheritance of pea shape and pea color do not affect each other. Designing and preparing for the experiments: why the garden pea (pisum sativum)? ( gure 3. 1; handout: g. Hybrid- cross: following the inheritance of seed shape ( gure 3. 3/3. 2; handout: F1 ( rst lial) = all smooth (self fertilization of f1 types to get f2) F2 (second lial) = 5474 (3/4) smooth and 1850 (1/4) wrinkled.

Related Questions

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.