BIOL 1108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Metapopulation, Insular Biogeography, Intraspecific Competition

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coppersnake702

19 Nov 2018

School

UConn

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL 1108

Professor

Susan Z. Herrick, Ph.D.

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Document Summary

A population consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place. Population size can increase or decrease over time. The age structure of a population helps ecologists understand past changes and predict future changes in population size. The dynamics of populations are influenced by the colonization and extinction of smaller, interconnected populations that make up metapopulation. A population is all the individuals of a given species that live & reproduce in a given area. A population"s range is the geographic area the population covers. A population"s density is its size divided by its geographic area. Individuals have equal chance of occupying any position. Chances of survival are lower when individuals are close to each other. Population size this year + births + immigrants - deaths - emigrants = population size next year. N1 +b +i -d -e = n2. +b +i -d -e = n2 - n1.

Related Questions

The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as:

	a. population size.
	b. minimum viable population.
	c. population distribution.
	d. population density.

Individuals who live in social groups are usually found in a ________________ distribution.

	a. patterned
	b. clumped
	c. uniform
	d. random

Under what conditions might we see exponential population growth?

	a. When the population is large and approaching carrying capacity
	b. When there is a sudden influx of a new food source
	c. When there are enough predators around to keep the population in check
	d. When a population has exceeded carrying capacity

What kind of things might cause a population experiencing exponential growth to transition to logistic growth?

	a. The loss of that population's main predator
	b. The emergence of a new food source such as ripening fruit on a tree
	c. More competition for food from other species in the area
	d. All of these could spur the transition.

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor for population growth?

	a. Fire
	b. Predators
	c. Competition for nesting sites
	d. Food availability

The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as:

	a. population size.
	b. minimum viable population.
	c. population distribution.
	d. population density.

Individuals who live in social groups are usually found in a ________________ distribution.

	a. patterned
	b. clumped
	c. uniform
	d. random

Under what conditions might we see exponential population growth?

	a. When the population is large and approaching carrying capacity
	b. When there is a sudden influx of a new food source
	c. When there are enough predators around to keep the population in check
	d. When a population has exceeded carrying capacity

What kind of things might cause a population experiencing exponential growth to transition to logistic growth?

	a. The loss of that population's main predator
	b. The emergence of a new food source such as ripening fruit on a tree
	c. More competition for food from other species in the area
	d. All of these could spur the transition.

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor for population growth?

	a. Fire
	b. Predators
	c. Competition for nesting sites
	d. Food availability

The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as:

	a. population size.
	b. minimum viable population.
	c. population distribution.
	d. population density.

Individuals who live in social groups are usually found in a ________________ distribution.

	a. patterned
	b. clumped
	c. uniform
	d. random

Under what conditions might we see exponential population growth?

	a. When the population is large and approaching carrying capacity
	b. When there is a sudden influx of a new food source
	c. When there are enough predators around to keep the population in check
	d. When a population has exceeded carrying capacity

What kind of things might cause a population experiencing exponential growth to transition to logistic growth?

	a. The loss of that population's main predator
	b. The emergence of a new food source such as ripening fruit on a tree
	c. More competition for food from other species in the area
	d. All of these could spur the transition.

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor for population growth?

	a. Fire
	b. Predators
	c. Competition for nesting sites
	d. Food availability

The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as:

	a. population size.
	b. minimum viable population.
	c. population distribution.
	d. population density.

Individuals who live in social groups are usually found in a ________________ distribution.

	a. patterned
	b. clumped
	c. uniform
	d. random

Under what conditions might we see exponential population growth?

	a. When the population is large and approaching carrying capacity
	b. When there is a sudden influx of a new food source
	c. When there are enough predators around to keep the population in check
	d. When a population has exceeded carrying capacity

What kind of things might cause a population experiencing exponential growth to transition to logistic growth?

	a. The loss of that population's main predator
	b. The emergence of a new food source such as ripening fruit on a tree
	c. More competition for food from other species in the area
	d. All of these could spur the transition.

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor for population growth?

	a. Fire
	b. Predators
	c. Competition for nesting sites
	d. Food availability

The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as:

	a. population size.
	b. minimum viable population.
	c. population distribution.
	d. population density.

Individuals who live in social groups are usually found in a ________________ distribution.

	a. patterned
	b. clumped
	c. uniform
	d. random

Under what conditions might we see exponential population growth?

	a. When the population is large and approaching carrying capacity
	b. When there is a sudden influx of a new food source
	c. When there are enough predators around to keep the population in check
	d. When a population has exceeded carrying capacity

What kind of things might cause a population experiencing exponential growth to transition to logistic growth?

	a. The loss of that population's main predator
	b. The emergence of a new food source such as ripening fruit on a tree
	c. More competition for food from other species in the area
	d. All of these could spur the transition.

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor for population growth?

	a. Fire
	b. Predators
	c. Competition for nesting sites
	d. Food availability

blushrhinoceros249

As temperatures in an African savanna increase and rainfall decreases, it would most likely change into

tiaga

desert

tropical rainforest

temperate forest

What is imprinting? Give an example.

fixed assocation, such as hatching ducks recognizing the first animal they see as their mother

a learned behavior, such as a wasp circling during a search for food, so that it can return to its nest

alteration of instinct, such as a spider changing the type of web it weaves depending upon the environment

Opportunistic species

provide extensive care for their offspring

produce many offspring

reproduce later in life

What are the five agents of microevolution?

gamete production; mating; fertilization; caring for offspring; formation of herds

photosynthesis; respiration; mitosis; meiosis; fertilization

mutation; gene flow; nonrandom mating; genetic drift; natural selection

Microevolution is

new species

minor extinction of species

changes in allele frequency in a population

Which of the following is does not help defend against predators?

Toxins made by plants that injure caterpillars feeding on the plant

The large eyespots on a moth's wing that can startle a hungry bird

Thorns on a plant

Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers

Humans have a favored birth weight, neither too small nor too large. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

What is a keystone species?

the first organism that populates an area

an organism upon which the entire ecosystem depends

the first fossils found in the earliest rock strata

As temperatures in the Arctic warm, which of the following changes may occur?

Tundra will be replaced by taiga

Taiga will be replaced by tundra

Temperate forest will be replaced by taiga

Tundra will be replaced by desert

Taiga will be replaced by temperate rain forest

What is desertification?

restoration of vegetation and water to deserts

areas adjacent to deserts also become deserts

abandonment of a habitat by animals

Evolution occurs at the level of

individuals

populations

communities

The maximum population that the environment can support is called the

biotic potential

environmental resistance

carrying capacity

replacement reproduction

demographic transition

A population with relatively more pre-reproductive individuals is common in _____-developed countries

less

Endangered species sometimes breed in captivity. Why are such species endangered in the wild?

Their population density is too high

Loss of habitat

Their environment is polluted

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

only animal life

only plant life

living components only

nonliving components only

both living and nonliving components

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

as carbon dioxide

from respiration of plants

by the burning of fossil fuels

from respiration of animals

All of the answer choices are correct

Why does the Tropical Rain Forest contain an abundance of antibiotic compounds?

The area is crowded, leading to random production of useful compounds

The area is wet. plants had to develop resistance to fungi and bacterial infections

There is a great diversity of plants, leading to random production of useful compounds

The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by

the reproductive rate of the organism

the number of organisms of that species

the state and national wildlife laws pertaining to that species

a complex

the limited productivity of the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism

An introduced species that breeds and spreads is

resourceful

harmful

native

dominant

invasive

What is disruptive selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Natural selection acts on

individuals

populations

communities

Two populations of birds live in the same area but have different sleep/wake cycles. This is

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

An insect that resembles the face of a snake avoids predation by

camouflage

warning coloration

mimicry

chemical defense

mutualism

Unselfish acts that help others in a group so that they increase their chances of surviving and reproducing is called

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

the correct allele frequency

existing neutral mutations

existing beneficial mutations

How did geology influence Darwinâs thoughts?

It demonstrated that the earth was very old, therefore there was enough time for species to evolve

it demonstrated that all continents were similar

it demonstrated the presence of many fossils

The founder effect occurs when

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

The greenhouse effect is due to high atmospheric

Nitrogen

Ammonia

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

What are the Reproductive Barriers that keep species separate?

lack of food; lack of habitat; lack of potential mates; lack of nesting sites; lack of genetic variation

mountains; canyons; glaciers; bodies of water (for terrestrial animals); areas of land (for aquatic animals)

habitat isolation; temporal isolation; behavioral isolation; mechanical isolation; gamete isolation

What is directional selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey

A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators

An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the number of prey

An up-and-down cycle will be seen for the prey animal

A seasonal die-off that will occur without the other species present

Why are top-level predators (lions, eagles, humans) so rare in a community?

Only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

They do not breed as fast as other animals

Because of predation by higher predators

It is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey

Their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check

Alleles conferring bright color to male guppies are common because

they make males less visible to predators

they help males identify each other

they are preferred by females

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are

autotroph

heterotroph

producer

autotroph and producer

heterotroph and producer

What is the environmental impact of strip mining?

lack of trees exposes the surface of the earth, promoting runoff and loss of adjacent trees

removal of minerals from the soil hampers growth of vegetation

it causes a potential increase in volcanic activity

Two populations of squirrels are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of:

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

What is a danger of overfishing?

humans will become dependent upon fish

selection for smarter fish that can avoid being caught

driving the population back into the lag phase

What is meant by prezygotic versus postzygotic speciation mechanisms?

before versus after formation of a zygote

before versus after meiosis

before versus after gamete formation

The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

artificial selection

microevolution.

speciation

macroevolution

Avoidance of a location with predators is the result of

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

What is the difference between Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors on populations?

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals; density-independent exerts the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence on larger, more dense individuals; density-independent factors exert the same impact on individuals of all size

density-dependent factors exert the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number; density-independent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals regardless of their number

All of the organisms in a given location or area is termed a

peer group

flock

community

population

herd

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be highest in

a minnow

a mosquito larva

a seagull

plankton

algae

Our biosphere is

the Earth

the atmosphere

the ocean

land on Earth

fresh and salt water

What is meant by âcarrying capacityâ?

the amount of food produced in an ecosystem

the extent of energy required to maintain an ecosystem

the number of individuals that can be supported by an ecosystem

Species living on another is

resource partitioning

coevolution

symbiosis

predation

niche sharing

One species feeding on another is

competition

a community

an ecosystem

predation

symbiosis

Populations of different species interacting with one another in a natural environment is called

competition

a community

a biome

predation

symbiosis

Which of the following is not a biogeochemical cycle?

ATP cycle

water cycle

carbon cycle

phosphorus cycle

nitrogen cycle

Horses became larger and faster to escape predators. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

Question 402 pts

You go on an expedition to the mountain forests of the remote island of Halmahera, Indonesia. You discover a new species of arboreal primate that is only found deep in the forest. It is endemic to a single mountain range and is found nowhere else. Logging companies are beginning to explore the area and may start building roads soon in order to provide access to the remote forest for logging.

What effects could road building have on the primate population within the next 10 years?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY (You may need to select more than one answer)

Higher light penetration and lower relative humidity could make areas alongside the roads less suitable for the primates

The likelihood of contracting a new disease would increase in the primate population

Speciation could occur so that populations in isolated forest fragments could split into different species

Its population could increase because of the greater availability of forest edges for foraging

Flag this Question

Question 412 pts

Which of the below is NOT an example of an ecosystem service?

Pollination of crops by native bees

Revenue generated by clear-cutting of tropical dry forest

The presence of an intact forest maintaining constant water flow in streams throughout the dry season in a tropical region

Rainforest trees removing carbon from the atmosphere

Flag this Question

Question 422 pts

Climate change must be factored into the design of new conservation areas and in new land acquisitions made by current reserves. Which of the below types of habitat would be given highest priority for conservation in light of climate change?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY (You may need to select more than one answer)

Small isolated patches of habitat

Long and narrow areas of habitat that are oriented parallel to latitude

Patches of habitat that join existing conservation areas

Elevational gradients

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Question 432 pts

The Ngorongoro Crater lion population in Tanzania is isolated from nearby Serengeti lion populations. In 1962, the population crashed due to disease, dropping from 90 individuals to less than 20. The population of lions today is currently exhibiting a high rate of sperm abnormalities, which are rare outside the crater population. What is the likely cause of this?

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY (You may need to select more than one answer)

Matings between closely related individuals

Natural selection for fitter sperm phenotypes

Radiation from the crater that is causing new mutations

Lower genetic diversity than normal populations of lions due to a population bottleneck in 1962

Flag this Question

Question 442 pts

What is considered to be the most likely hypothesis for the cause of the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna?

Hunting by early humans

An asteroid collision that changed the climate

Massive volcanic eruptions that strengthened the greenhouse effect and led to global warming

The global radiation of marsupial mammals that outcompeted the megafauna and made them go extinct

Will rate when all are answered.

BIOL 1108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Metapopulation, Insular Biogeography, Intraspecific Competition

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