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BIOL 1107 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Francis Crick, Release Factor, Aminoacyl Trna Synthetase

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School
UConn
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1107
Professor
Thomas Abbott

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Document Summary

After rna polymerase binds dna with the help of other proteins, it catalyzes the production of an rna molecule whose base sequence is complementary to the base sequence of the dna template strand. Eukaryotic genes contain regions called exons and regions called introns; during rna processing, the regions coded by introns are removed, and the ends of the rna receive a cap and tail. Ribosomes translate mrnas into proteins with the help of intermediary molecules called transfer rnas (trnas). Each transfer rna carries an amino acid corresponding to the trna"s three-base-long anticodon. In the ribosome, the trna anticodon binds to a three-base-long mrna codon, causing the amino acid carried by the transfer rna to be added to the growing protein. A cell builds the proteins it needs from instructions encoded in its genome according to the central dogma of molecular biology.

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Related Questions

1. _________________________ is the name of the process that produces proteins using RNA molecules.

a.Transcription

b Translation

c. Replication

d. Mutagenesis

2. The peptide bonding site on the ribosome:

a. A site

b. P site

c. E site

d. D site

3. The name given to the bond formed between two amino acids.

a. Hydrogen bond

b. Double bond

c. Peptide bond

d. Negative bond

4. __________________________ is the movement of the mRNA molecule on the ribosome to open up the A-site for the new incoming amino acid.

a. Transformation

b. Mutation

c. Translocation

d. Initiation

5. What does the term semi-conservative mean.

a. Replication of RNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of RNA and one new strand of RNA.

b. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA.

c. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of new strands of nucleotides.

d. Transcription of RNA is semi conservative.

6. This molecule functions during protein synthesis to recognize the codon and bring the proper amino acid back to the ribosome for translation.

a. mRNA

b. tRNA

c. rRNA

d. DNA polymerase

7. What is meant by the base-pairing rule.

a. Bases on a single strand of DNA are always found as pairs

b. Adenine always base pairs with guanine; cytosine with thymine

c. Adenine always base pairs with thymine; cytosine with guanine

d. Bases on a single strand of RNA are found in pair.

8. In this step of protein synthesis, amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.

a. Initiation.

b. Elongation.

c. Termination.

d. Transpiration.

9. Three complementary bases found in a mRNA are called ____________________.

a. Anti-codon.

b. Triplet.

c. Doublet.

d. Codons.

10. Which statement best describes the job or function of the messenger RNA.

a. Carries the map of the gene sequence in the form of codons to the cytoplasm

for translation of the protein.

b. It transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

c. It forms the ribosomes.

d. It helps replicate DNA.

If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio, how many degrees of freedom would be associated with the Chi-square?

1

2

3

4

not enough information to determine

Which of the following choices does not describe a type of posttranslational modification of proteins?

The amino terminal methionine may be removed.
Glycoproteins are produced by the attachment of phosphates to newly synthesized proteins.
Precursor proteins are cleaved and trimmed by protease enzymes to produce a functional protein.
Molecular chaperones help proteins fold correctly.
Amino acids in the amino terminal of the protein can be acetylated.

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that affects transcription at distant promoters is called a(n)

long distance promotor
regulator
operon
enhancer

DNA methylation may be a significant mode of genetic regulation in eukaryotes. Meythylation refers to

altering RNA polymerase activity by adding methyl-groups
changes in DNA-DNA hydrogen bonding
altering translation activity via methylated tRNAs
adding methyl groups to certain cytosines in DNA

If a nucleotide lacks a 3’-OH group, what will happen?

it’s transformed into RNA
another nucleotide can bond at the 3’ site during replication
replication will halt
no effect

Which of the following describe posttranscriptional modifications commonly seen in mRNA of eukaryotes?

5’ capping, 3’-poly-A tail addition, splicing
3’ capping, 5’ poly-A tail addition, splicing
heteroduplex formation
5’ capping, 3’polyA tail addition, removal of exons

In birds, females are the heterogametic sex. This means that

females have chromosomes in pairs.
emales produce eggs.
females determine the gender of their offspring.

males have two identical sex chromosomes (ZZ)

An anticodon on a tRNA has the sequence 5'–GCA–3'. What would be the effect on translation if the G in the anticodon were mutated to a U?

The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'–UCA–3', and a cysteine would be incorporated at all points where a serine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the threonine codon 5'–ACU–3', and a threonine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the serine codon 5'–AGU–3', and a serine would be incorporated at all points where a cysteine should have been incorporated.
The anticodon could pair to the stop codon 5'–UGA–3', and instead of stopping translation, a cysteine would be incorporated and translation could continue.

Double check to see if I got these right? 3 questions

Some Processes Involved in DNA Replication

1.The replication origin is identified.

2 DNA primase builds RNA primer.

3Okazaki fragments are spliced by DNA ligase.

4Helicases bind and uncoil the DNA double helix.

5 RNA primer is the starting point for DNA polymerase.

6 DNA replication ends at the telomere where DNA codes fortermination.

7 DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides in the 5' to 3'direction in short segments called Okazaki fragments.

The sequence in which the events numbered above occur during DNAreplication of the lagging strand: Number 1 - 7 in order.

I put: 1,4,2,5,7,3,6

__________________Question 2:

Some Functions of Enzymes

  1. Build DNA strands
  2. Build RNA primers
  3. Build mRNA strand
  4. Cleave DNA strands
  5. Splice Okazaki fragments

Enzyme:
Helicase :4
DNA ligase :5
RNA primase :1
RNA polymerase :3
DNA polymerase:2

Question 3:

like mRNA, tRNA has a ribose sugar, U instead of T, and issingle stranded. Unlike mRNA, which remains a long single strand ofnucleotides, tRNA folds so that some areas pair up.

The resulting structure has an anticodon on one end and a site foran amino acid to attach on the other end. There is basecomplementarity (A pairs with U and G pairs with C) between an mRNAcodon and tRNA anticodon.

If the amino acid tyrosine attaches to a tRNA, which of thefollowing anticodons could be at the opposite end of the tRNAmolecule?

Select one:

a. ATA and ATG

b. UAU and UAC

c. AUA and AUG

d. AGA and AGU

I picked B.