CFD 1450 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Moral Responsibility, Cognitive Development, Relational Aggression
CHAPTER 13-EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE
CHILDHOOD
Erikson’s Theory: Industry Vs. Inferiority
• Industry: developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
• Industry combines several developments of middle childhood:
o Positive but realistic self-concept
o Pride in accomplishment
o Moral responsibility
o Cooperative participation with age-mates
• Inferiority: pessimism and lack of confidence in one’s ability to do things well.
Self-Concept in Middle Childhood
• Self-concept is refined and organized into stable psychological dispositions.
• Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing self-concept based on personality
traits.
• Children form an ideal self that they use to evaluate actual self.
Influences On Self-Concept
• Cognitive development influences structure of self.
• Cognitive capacities and feedback from others influence content of self-concept.
• Perspective-taking skills (ability to distinguish others’ viewpoints from one’s own)
improve.
• Family and community support are important.
• Content of self-concept depends on culture:
o Asian parents stress harmonious interdependence.
o Western parents emphasize independence and self-assertion.
Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood
• Self-esteem
o Differentiates and adjusts to more realistic level.
o Becomes hierarchically structured.
• Four broad self-evaluations:
o Academic competence
o Social competence
o Physical/athletic competence
o Physical appearance
Influences On Self-Esteem
• Cultural values
• Gender-stereotyped beliefs
• Child-rearing practices:
o Authoritative parenting builds self-esteem.
o Controlling parenting undermines self-esteem.
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Document Summary
Industry: developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. Industry combines several developments of middle childhood: positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, cooperative participation with age-mates. Inferiority: pessimism and lack of confidence in one"s ability to do things well. Self-concept in middle childhood: self-concept is refined and organized into stable psychological dispositions, perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing self-concept based on personality traits, children form an ideal self that they use to evaluate actual self. Self-esteem in middle childhood: self-esteem, differentiates and adjusts to more realistic level, becomes hierarchically structured, four broad self-evaluations, academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical appearance. Influences on self-esteem: cultural values, gender-stereotyped beliefs, child-rearing practices, authoritative parenting builds self-esteem, controlling parenting undermines self-esteem, achievement-related attributions. Influences on achievement-related attributions: person praise vs. Process praise: teachers" messages: emphasis on learning vs. grades, adult feedback: gender differences, cognitive development: more realistic view of abilities, cultural values.
