PSYCH 15 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Ventromedial Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus, Neuroprotection, Thyroid
Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex
- Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
o Developmental
▪ orgaizatioal
▪ influences the development of anatomical, physiological, behavioral characteristics that
differentiate the sexes
o Activational
▪ Triggers reproduction-related behavior in mature individuals
▪ Adolescent surges have both developmental and activational effects
- Neuroendocrine system: glands
o Exocrine – release chemicals into ducts which carry them to their targets
▪ Sweat glands
o Endocrine – ductless; release hormones directly into the circulatory system
▪ Only organs whose primary function is hormone release are referred to as endocrine
glands
o Male testes produce sperm cells
o Female ovaries produce ova
▪ Sperm and ova each have 23 chromosomes
o Fertilization
▪ Sperm + ovum = zygote
▪ 23 pairs of chromosomes
o x and y: sex chromosomes
▪ XX – female, XY – male
- Classes of hormones
o Amino Acid derivatives: epinephrine
o Peptides and proteins: short/long chains of amino acids
o Steroids: synthesized from cholesterol (fat), fat-soluble (can enter cells and bind to receptors in
cytoplasm or nucleus)
- Sex steroid
o Gonads produce most sex steroids
o Androgens – testosterone
o Estrogens – estradiol
▪ Both gender have both androgens and estrogens; females just have a lot more
estrogens than androgens
o Progestins – also present in both sexes; prepares uterus and breasts for pregnancy
▪ Males hae it but do’t ko hat it does i their body
o Adrenal cortex – releases small amounts of sex steroids
- Hormones of the pituitary
o aster glad – releases hormones that tell a lot of other glands what to do
o posterior pituitary – hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
o anterior pituitary – tropic hormones
▪ tropic hormones influence the release of hormones by other glands
o female hormones go through a 28 day cycle (menstrual cycle)
o male hormone levels are constant
o anterior pituitary activity is controlled by the hypothalamus
▪ hypothalamus determines whether hormone levels cycle
o posterior pituitary
▪ neural input from hypothalamus
▪ vasopressin – antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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