PSYCH 100B Lecture Notes - Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Drivespace, Secondary Source
Rev. 03/11/11
APA Style in a Nutshell (6th edition)
Important items to remember for the reference page
• Double-space all entries
• Use a hanging indent
• Break URLs before punctuation marks (see Publication manual p. 192)
• Books – italicize titles and capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns (e.g., Publication manual)
• Periodicals—italicize titles and capitalize all important words (e.g., Journal of Applied Biology)
• Articles and short works—do not italicize and capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns
e.g., Hanson, R.K., Steffy, R.A., & Gauthier, R. (1993). Long-term recidivism of child molesters...
• Journals--italicize the journal title and the volume number, but not the issue number, and do not leave a space between the volume and the
parenthesis:
e.g., Talub, R.S. (2000). Copyright, plagiarism, and Internet-based research projects: Three “golden rules.” Tech Trends, 44(4), 7-9.
• Journals with DOI (digital object identifier) – include the DOI instead of the URL (omit period at end)
e.g., Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients.
Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Important items to remember for in-text citations
• Use the last names of authors (not the first names) and year when discussing others’ work. (See author chart on p. 177 of the Manual)
e.g., The most recent study of the eating behaviors of porcupines revealed that …(Smith, 2002).
e.g., Smith (2002) studied the eating behaviors of porcupines and found…
• In the same paragraph, do NOT repeat the year if you repeat the author's name in the sentence, but include the year in all parenthetical
references in the same paragraph (see p. 174 in the Manual)
• Avoid including the title of the work within your text—UNLESS the work does not have an author. If no author is named, change the
format of titles (see No author section below for examples)
• For parenthetical citations and the reference list, use the ampersand (&) for two-six authors:
e.g., (Smith, Jones, & Rogers, 2006)
• For in-text sentences, use the word “and”: Smith, Jones, and Rogers (2006) found …
• Use commas and “p.” or “pp.” for page numbers:
e.g., One study found that rats “showed no sign of emotion” (Jones, 1999, p. 45).
• Page numbers are required for direct quotations (Smith, 2009, p. 45)
• APA encourages the inclusion of page, paragraph, chapter, or section numbers as a courtesy for easy access:
e.g., (Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)----NOTE: DO NOT ABBREVIATE "Chapter."
e.g., (Myers, 2000, para. 5) or (Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)
e.g., (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Two authors
• In-text: cite both names every time the work is mentioned.
• Reference list: cite both names.
• When works have the same author/s and date, assign a letter on the reference page and use it in the text, too:
e.g., (Derryberry & Reed, 2005a, 2005b; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b)
Three, four, or five authors
• In-text: cite all names for the first reference, and cite the first author and “et al.” in subsequent references.
• Reference list: Cite all names.
Six or seven authors
• In-text: cite only the name of the first author followed by “et al.” for all references.
• Reference list: provide the initials and surnames of the all six or seven authors.
More than seven authors
• In-text: cite only the name of the first author followed by “et al.” for all references.
• Reference list: provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, insert an ellipses, and give the last author's name and initials
(see example #2 at the bottom of p. 198 in the Publication manual).
Groups as authors
• Spell out the full title of long or easily-recognized groups and indicate the abbreviation for the first reference and abbreviate afterwards.
• Use brackets within parentheses: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)….(NIMH, 1999)
• Use parentheses in the sentence: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD, 1999) found that…
No author
• Reference page, alphabetize by the first important word in the title and place the year after the title.
• Reference page, only capitalize the first word, proper names, and the first word after a colon.
e.g., The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.
• In- text: use quotation marks and capitalize the important words in article titles:
e.g., The article, “The New Health-Care Lexicon,” (1992) discusses the…
e.g., …(“The New Health-Care Lexicon,” 1993)
• In- text: italicize and capitalize book titles, periodical titles, and other major works:
e.g., ...the book College Bound Seniors (1979).
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