PHILOS 31 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Sentence Clause Structure, Logical Equivalence, Atomic Sentence
Document Summary
Argument- a set of sentences, one of which is designated as the conclusion (other. Keywords to look for a conclusion- therefore, so, it follows that, my conclusion is, this shows that, hence, accordingly, ergo, thus, accordingly, consequently. Keywords to look for premises- since, for, given, because, in view of, whereas, this is implied by. Validity- an argument if it impossible for the premises all to be true and the conclusion false. In other words, if the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true. Soundness- an argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true. Example: if we raise corporate taxes, then consumer prices will rise. If we do not raise corporate taxes, then the income gap between rich and poor will increase. If consumer prices do not rise, then the income gap between rich and poor will not increase. Example: peter likes pizza and patsy likes pasta.
