MCB 2004C Lecture 7: Mod. 7 notes

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21 Mar 2016

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All organisms require: c h o n p s. Metabolism: all chemical reactions taking place within a cell. Supplying cells with the chemical constituents of monomers to build macromolecules. Metabolite: nutrient, intermediate or end product of a reaction. Nutrient: chemical compound that organism uses to sustain life. Cells are about 50% carbon (17% o, 13% n ) Thiamine (b1), biotin, pyridoxine (b6), coalbumin (b12) Activation energy is the amount of energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state. Reaction rates increased 108 1020 times. E- donor (reducing agent) and e- acceptor (oxidizing agent) Dehydrogenation: removal of hydrogen ions (h+) and e- Transfer of electrons through one or series of electron carriers. Released energy must be conserved or released as heat. Two high-energy and one low-energy p bonds. Nutrients are energy source end product. Absence of any added terminal electron acceptors. Oxidation coupled to reduction of substrate-derived organic compound.

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Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following describes lipids?

a source of nutrients for organisms â¨

energy-storage molecules â¨

molecules having structural role in membranes â¨

molecules that are part of hormones and pigments â¨

all of the above â¨

2. Molecules bearing both polar and nonpolar groups are said to be which of the following?

a. hydrophilicâ¨

b. amphipathic

c. hydrophobic

d. polyfunctional

3. By definition, carbohydrates contain which elements?

carbon and hydrogen â¨

carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen â¨

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen â¨

carbon and oxygen â¨

4. Monosaccharides may link together to form polysaccharides by forming which type of bond?

a. hydrogen

b. peptideâ¨

c. ionicâ¨

d. glycosidic

5. Which of the following is the name for molecules whose structures are nonsuperimposable mirror images?

structural isomers â¨

monomers â¨

polymers â¨

enantiomers â¨

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source?

a. chemoautotroph

b. chemoheterotroph

c. photoheterotroph

d. photoautotroph

7. A cell might perform anaerobic respiration for which of the following reasons?

It lacks glucose for degradation. â¨

It lacks the transition reaction to convert â¨pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. â¨

It lacks Krebs cycle enzymes for processing â¨acetyl-CoA to CO2. â¨

It lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing â¨electrons to oxygen. â¨

8. Which of the following is not an electron carrier within an electron transport system?

a. flavoprotein

b. ATP synthase

c. ubiquinone

d. cytochrome oxidase

9. Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?

a. to make ATP

b. to make carbon molecule intermediates for anabolism

c. to make NADH

d. to make NAD+

10. Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide?

anoxygenic photosynthesis â¨

oxygenic photosynthesis â¨

anaerobic respiration â¨

chemoautrophy â¨

11. In which growth phase would you observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?

death phase â¨

lag phase â¨

log phase â¨

log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly â¨the same number of endospores. â¨

12. Which of the following is the best definition of generation time in a bacterium?

a. the length of time it takes to reach the log phase â¨

b. the length of time it takes for a population of â¨cells to double â¨

c. the time it takes to reach stationary phase â¨

the length of time of the exponential phase â¨

If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death?

a. 200

b. 400

c. 1600

d. 3200

14. During which phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?

death phase â¨

lag phase â¨

log phase â¨

stationary phase â¨

15. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium is probably which of the following?

an aerotolerant anaerobe â¨

an obligate aerobe â¨

an obligate anaerobe â¨

a facultative anaerobe â¨

16. Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons?

a. oxygenicâ¨

b. anoxygenic

c. heterotrophic

d. phototrophic

17. Which term best describes the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and humans?
A. amensalism

B. commensalism

C. parasitism

D. predation

18. Which describes bacteria that require low concentrations of oxygen to survive (less than that in the current atmosphere)?

A. facultative anaerobes

B. microaerophiles

C. obligate aerobes

D. obligate anaerobes

19. Cyanobacteria produce which of the following?

A. hydrogen sulfide gas
B. large quantities of ammonia

C. oxygen*
D. sulfuric acid

20.How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

A. Archaea are found exclusively in extreme habitats.
B. Archaea have ether linkages in their cell membranes.*

C. Archaea have peptidoglycan cell walls.

D. Archaea lack a nucleus.

MCB 2004C Lecture 7: Mod. 7 notes

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