BIOL 005A Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Electromagnetic Spectrum, Light-Independent Reactions, Redox

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Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy. Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes almost the entire living world. Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other. Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms. Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for organisms. Almost all plants are photoautotrophs , using the energy of sunlight to make. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some food and o 2 organic molecules prokaryotes. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food bacteria. Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic. Chloroplasts are found mainly in mesophyll cells , the interior tissue of the leaf. Co 2 enters and o 2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata. The chlorophyll resides in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs within the chloroplast) Thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana. Chloroplasts also contain stroma , a dense interior fluid.

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