NEM 10V Lecture Notes - Lecture 62: Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Complementary Dna

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6 May 2018

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Nematology

Immune System Part 2:

• HIV is an enveloped virus with the envelope derived from the host cell membrane with

viral glycoprotein’s inserted into the membrane as the virus leaves the cell.

• The virus core is composed of capsid protein and matrix protein that helps maintain viral

structure

• Inside the core are two identical copies of single stranded RNA viral genome and three

enzymes:

1. reverse transcriptase

2. protease

3. integrase.

• To establish infection, HIV must attach to its host cell.

• After attachment, the viral envelope and host cell membrane fuse resulting in entry of the

virus into the host cell.

• Once the RNA is released into the cytoplasm of the host cell, reverse transcriptase makes

a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome.

• As the DNA is being formed, the reverse transcriptase degrades the RNA strand.

• A complementary DNA strand is then added by the reverse transcriptase and the ends of

the resulting double stranded DNA segment are joined non-covalently.

• Treatment with nucleoside analogues or reverse transcriptase inhibitors interferes with

these steps.

• The resulting circular DNA is then moved to the nucleus and inserted into the host

chromosome by the viral integrase enzyme.

• The integrated viral DNA is now referred to as proviral DNA.

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Document Summary

Immune system part 2: hiv is an enveloped virus with the envelope derived from the host cell membrane with viral glycoprotein"s inserted into the membrane as the virus leaves the cell. The virus core is composed of capsid protein and matrix protein that helps maintain viral structure. Inside the core are two identical copies of single stranded rna viral genome and three enzymes: reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase. To establish infection, hiv must attach to its host cell. As the dna is being formed, the reverse transcriptase degrades the rna strand. The integrated viral dna is now referred to as proviral dna: following integration the proviral dna may remain dormant or, with host cell activation, Rna may be synthesized from the dna yielding messenger rna, and viral genome. Finally, the virion is released by budding: hiv replicates billions of times per day destroying the host"s immune cells, and eventually causing disease progression.

Related Questions

1
Which of the following is a component of the HIV virus ?
A
DNA
B
Capsid
C
Nucleus
D
CD4 receptor
Answered
Change your responses to resubmit
2
Assigned as
Homework
2
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase?
A
To insert the viral RNA into the host DNA.
B
To make an RNA copy of the viral RNA.
C
To make an RNA copy of the viral DNA.
D
To make a DNA copy of the viral RNA.
E
To insert the viral DNA into the host DNA.
Unanswered
Submit
3
Assigned as
Homework
3
Which of the following stages describes a HIV patient in who has a large number of severe opportunistic infections?
A
Primary HIV infection-lasts for a few weeks
B
Clinically asymptomatic stage-lasts for an average of ten years
C
Symptomatic HIV infection
D
Clinical AIDS
Unanswered
Submit
4
Assigned as
Homework
4
Which of the following individuals should be tested for HIV?
A
A newborn child
B
Alex, who studies excessively
C
Sarah, who takes birth control
D
Joe, who uses intravenous steroids
Unanswered
Submit
5
Assigned as
Homework
5
Harry engaged in risky activity that may have lead to exposure to HIV. Two and a half weeks later, he had an HIV test done and it showed a positive result. Which test most likely was done?
A
CD4 test
B
HIV antibody test
C
PCR test
D
Viral load test
Unanswered
Submit
6
Assigned as
Homework
6
How does an Integrase inhibitor work against the HIV virus?
A
It inhibits the generation of viral DNA from viral RNA.
B
It prevents the entry of HIV into the host cell.
C
It inhibits viral proteins from being inserted into new virus particles.
D
It prevents viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
E
It prevents the generation of new viral proteins.
Unanswered
Submit
7
Assigned as
Homework
7
How does a Protease inhibitor work to treat HIV infection?
A
It prevents the release of new viral particles.
B
It cleaves viral proteins interfering with their function.
C
It prevents the cleavage of host DNA preventing viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
D
It cleaves Reverse transcriptase preventing the generation of viral DNA.
E
It prevents the binding of gp120 to the CD4 protein.
Unanswered
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8
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Homework
8
Which of the following describes a combination therapy for HIV infected persons?
A
A preparation used for stimulating a viral response in the body.
B
A single drug given to HIV infected people since interactions with other medications may promote complications in treatment.
C
A drug cocktail-or-combination of antiviral drugs given to HIV infected people since they can be more effective than when given individually
D
A preparation used for stimulating an immune response in the body.
Unanswered
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9
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Homework
9
answerable question reference
For HIV to reproduce, which of the following is most critical?
A
Infecting new subjects
B
Producing a Provirus
C
Entering the host cells
D
Taking over the function of DNA in the cell
Unanswered
Submit
10
Assigned as
Homework
10
HIV is a virus which has the following characteristic?
A
It takes of the RNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus
B
It attacks the RNA of the host cell causing cellular death
C
It attacks the DNA of the host cell causing cellular death
D
It takes over the DNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus

QUESTION 1: The rabies virus primarily affects the nervous system. The specificity that the rabies virus has for neuronal host cells is primarily dictated by __________________________.

A. the helical shape of its viral capsid

B. the type of nucleic acid used for its viral genome (single-stranded, antisense RNA)

C. the spikes that protrude from its viral envelope

D. the segmented nature of its viral genome

QUESTION 2: Which of the following genome types has been observed in viruses? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. Single-stranded RNA

B. Single-stranded DNA

C. Double-stranded RNA

D. Protein-based

QUESTION 3: Choose the correct statement about viral evolution.

A. RNA and DNA viral genomes evolve at equal rates.

B. Cellular genomes mutate at a faster rate than viral genomes due to their large size and increased chance of replicative mistakes.

C. DNA viruses mutate faster than RNA viruses because thymine is more susceptible to mutation than uracil.

D. RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses due to a lack of proofreading replicative enzymes.

QUESTION 4: Your elderly patient is affected by shingles. After careful observation, you note that the virus responsible for the infection has an icosahedral capsid, is enveloped, and has double-stranded linear DNA as its genetic material. Based on this information, in which of the following viral families would you group this viral pathogen?

QUESTION 5: Which of the following is a key difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage replication cycles?

A. Lysogenic bacteriophages release via host cell lysis, whereas lytic bacteriophages bud off from the host cell membrane.

B. The lytic replication cycle ends with host cell lysis and release of newly formed bacteriophage particles, whereas lysogenic replication leads to prophage formation.

C. Lytic replication requires an uncoating step, whereas in lysogenic replication, the bacteriophage's nucleic acid is directly injected into the host cell.

D. Whereas lytic replication enables the infection of several hosts, lysogenic replication only allows for infection of a single host cell.

QUESTION 6: Which of the following is an unsuitable culture method for an animal virus?

A. Direct inoculation of virus onto blood agar

B. Live animal inoculation

C. Tissue culture method

D. Injection of virus into embryonated eggs

In this lab exercise you will watch animations about viruses and answer questions about them.

ANIMATION #2

Click on the link below to watch an animation by McGraw-Hill about the entry of a virus into an animal host cell:

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter18/animation_quiz_1.html

Answer the following questions about the animation:

1. Name the green molecules embedded in the envelope of the virus, or virion:

2. What do these molecules attach to on the host cell membrane?

3. What does the envelope of the virus fuse with in order to release the viral capsid into the host cell?

4. What is the innermost part of the virus that is released by the protein capsid into the cytoplasm of the host cell?

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NEM 10V Lecture Notes - Lecture 62: Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Complementary Dna

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