LIN 1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Phoneme, Grapheme, Allography
Linguistics
Orthography:
• An individual unit of writing is known as a glyph.
• Similarly to the concept of the phoneme in phonology of graphemes and allographs in
orthography.
• A grapheme is a fundamental unit of written language, and an allograph is any acceptable
instantiation of the grapheme in writing.
• It is standard linguistic practice to enclose graphemic representations in angular brackets
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• Most languages are written horizontally
• Left to right
• Or: right to left like in:
1. Arabic
2. Hebrew
3. N’ko
• Vertical writing systems are also found going from top to bottom and can be order left to
right or right to left
• Monogolian script was used vertically strip order left to right
• Japanese may be either horizontal from left to right or vertical right to left
• Boustrophedon-refers to horizontal script which lines alternate for directionality
Types of Spelling Systems:
1. Phonemic
2. Morpho-phonemic
3. Defective
4. Complex
Alphabets:
• Represent the sound of a language rather than the meaning
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