NURS 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Libido, Castration, Abdominal Cavity
Endocrine System
Early endocrine structure and function
Castration of animals and men
○
-
Berthold (1849) Experiments with roosters
Template for Study
○
Removed testis from roosters
Saw that castrate birds had smaller combs, less sex
drive, less aggressiveness
§
Testes surgically placed back, normal comb and
behavior resumed
§
Glands must be secreting something into the blood
that affects entire body
§
○
-
Eastern and western cultures
-
Decreased sex drive and render males infertility
-
Hormone
Excite or arouse
-
Traditional definition: chemical secreted by a cell or group of
cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it
exerts its effect at very low concentrations nanomolar (10-9) to
picomolar (10-12 M)
-
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors
Not going to have effect on cells in tissue unless they have
those specific receptors
○
-
Endocrine System compared to Nervous System
Endocrine effects tend to be slower, long lasting
-
Endocrine messengers can affect wider variety of more distant
targets
As hormones flow through the blood vessels, wherever the
receptors have, will be effected
○
-
The two systems coordinate responses, and some cells are
"neuroendocrine cells"
Neurons that release hormone like chemicals
○
Neurons stimulate release of hormones
○
Hormones cause neurons to fire
○
-
Hormones act on their target cell in various ways:
Controlling the rate of reactions in cells
Can lead to growth, increase metabolic process
○
Cause target cells to produce chemicals
○
-
Controlling the transport of ions or molecules into or out of
cells
-
Controlling the gene expression in cells
-
Control of Hormone Release
Negative feedback regulation
Concentration of chemical stimulus
○
Humoral Control
Many hormones released as levels of a certain
chemicals are in the bloodstream
Ex: capillary blood contains low concentration
of Ca+, which stimulate secretion of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by the glands
□
§
○
Neuronal
Ex: Preganglionic SNS fiber stimulates adrenal
medulla cells to secrete catecholamine
§
○
Trophic hormones: stimulate release of other hormones
Ex: the hypothalamus secretes hormones that
stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to
secrete hormones
§
○
-
General Endocrine Pathologies (disease state)
Hypersecretion; hyposecretion
-
Faulty or inadequate receptors
Could have normal levels of hormones, but fault receptors
○
-
Problem with signaling mechanisms in cells
-
Major Organs of the Endocrine System
Pineal gland
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pituitary gland
-
Thyroid gland
-
Parathyroid glands
-
Thymus gland
-
Adrenal gland
On top of kidneys
○
-
Pancreas
Below stomach and abdominal cavity
○
-
Ovary (female)
-
Testis (male)
-
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus connects down to pituitary gland through long
stock called infundibulum
-
Pituitary gland in sphenoid bone
-
Together are the control center for many of the glands in the
body
-
Hypothalamus: releasing hormones control the secretions of
hormones by anterior pituitary (trophic hormones)
It produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
which are stored in the posterior pituitary
○
-
Pituitary gland:
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) true endocrine gland
True hormone producing
§
○
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) extension of the
brain
○
-
Hypothalamus had neurons
Nuclei of cell bodies
○
Neurons secrete hormones
Produce and release two different hormones into
posterior pituitary lobes
§
Hormones are stored
§
○
Another nuclei has different neurons that release trophic
hormones, secreted into blood supply, capillaries deliver
trophic hormones (inhibitory, excitatory)
○
-
Hormones and target organs of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus releasing trophic hormones affect anterior
pituitary gland's release of hormones
-
Variety of anterior pituitary gland
Control growth, metabolism, and reproduction in different
tissues
○
-
Thymus Gland (hormone producing gland)
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum (contains heart)
-
Superior to the heart, much larger in the fetus
Reduces in size as adult, can be completely absence as
well
○
-
Maturation of certain white blood cells (T cells)
-
Hormones stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T
cells
Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin
○
Help in stimulation of lymphatic organs
○
-
Thyroid Gland
Butterfly shape gland, inferior to voice box (larynx)
-
Lies above trachea (windpipe)
-
Largest adult gland to have purely endocrine functions
-
Two lobes joined by isthmus
-
Highly vascularized
-
Thyroid follicles
Sacs with follicular cells
Secrete thyroid hormone that is stored in sacs
§
○
-
Hormones:
Thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3) - from Follicular cells
Raised metabolic rate
§
○
Calcitonin - from C cells (parathyroid cells)
In opposition to parathyroid hormones
§
Calcitonin reduces level of calcium, maintaing
calcium in the bones
§
○
-
The Parathyroid Glands
Four small ovoid gland
-
Posterior side of thyroid in neck
-
Variable in location, number, and size
-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells to raise
calcium in blood
-
Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands
Supra=superior above kidney
-
Renal=kidney
-
Two suprarenal glands perched on top of kidneys
-
Located on the back side of the lower abdominal cavity
-
Retroperitoneal
-
Multiple purposes
-
Two major regions of adrenal glands
Outer adrenal cortex region
Endocrine tissue secreting hormones
§
80-90% of gland, outer part
§
Secretes more than 25corticosterouds including
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids
§
○
-
Inside of adrenal gland, adrenal medulla
Actually a ganglia, part of the nervous system
○
10-20% of gland, central
○
Chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
dopamine
○
Raises metabolic rate, mobilizes energy
○
-
Cushing disease
Over production of glucocorticoids
-
Characteristics
Fat deposits in certain regions of the body
○
Fatty hump on cervical area
○
-
ACTH over secretion at the anterior love of pituitary gland;
usually due to a benign tumor
-
Symptoms resemble exaggerate response to stress:
Glucose metabolism is suppressed, lipid reserves are
mobilized, and peripheral proteins are broken down
○
Adipose deposits in cheeks (moon face) and round the
base of neck (hump); skin becomes thin; and muscle
weakness
○
-
Chronic use of corticosteroids (example for treatment of
arthritis, asthma, transplant patients) can produce symptoms
similar to Cushing Disease
-
Pancreas
Part of digestive system as well
-
Located underneath stomach
-
Soft, long gland
-
Some tissues involved in exocrine function, secrete enzymes
for digestive an travel through ducts and carry through the
digestive tract
-
Pancreatic islets
Where you have beta, alpha, and delta cells
○
Pockets of tissue
○
Dispersed clusters of cells with endocrine functions
○
Alpha cells: glucagon causes rise in blood sugar
○
Beta cells: insulin causes absorption of blood sugar,
amylin enhances insulin effects
○
Delta cells: somatostatin regulates speed of digestion
○
-
Both endocrine hormones and exocrine (digestive enzyme)
functions
-
Antagonism: Insulin and Glucagon
Opposite response
○
Insulin and glucagon affect blood glucose levels
○
If blood glucose levels are low, levels detected in pancreas
Alpha cells secrete more glucagon causes cell in the
liver to release glucose and raise blood sugar
§
○
High blood sugar levels, cause beta cells to secrete more
insulin
Travels through blood stream and to the liver and
cause the cells to pick up more glucose, lower blood
sugar levels
§
○
-
Diabetes mellitus
Commonly due to the inadequate production of insulin or
diminished sensitivity to insulin
Something wrong with receptors
○
Decrease urine output
○
Weight loss
○
Sugar dumped in urine because of excess glucose
○
Fatigue, plenty of glucose but cells cannot utilize
○
Hunger
○
-
Gonads: Ovaries
Produce gametes, egg
-
Follicle cells produce hormones
-
Follicles have theca and granulosa cells
-
Estrogen and progesterone regular menstrual cycle, pregnancy
-
Gonads: Testes
Produces hormone testosterone
-
Interstitial cells - testosterone regulates sex drive, sperm
production
-
Gonad hormones are also produced in adrenal glands
Endocrine Cells of Other Tissues and Organs
Other tissues and organs in our body secrete hormones
Skin
○
Liver
○
Kidney
○
Heart
○
Adipose tissue
○
Placenta
○
Osseous tissue
○
Stomach and small intestine secrete enteric hormones
○
-
Online Lecture - Week 5 (Endocrine System)
Saturday, April 28, 2018
1:30 AM
Endocrine System
Early endocrine structure and function
Castration of animals and men
○
-
Berthold (1849) Experiments with roosters
Template for Study
○
Removed testis from roosters
Saw that castrate birds had smaller combs, less sex
drive, less aggressiveness
§
Testes surgically placed back, normal comb and
behavior resumed
§
Glands must be secreting something into the blood
that affects entire body
§
○
-
Eastern and western cultures
-
Decreased sex drive and render males infertility
-
Hormone
Excite or arouse
-
Traditional definition: chemical secreted by a cell or group of
cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it
exerts its effect at very low concentrations nanomolar (10-9) to
picomolar (10-12 M)
-
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors
Not going to have effect on cells in tissue unless they have
those specific receptors
○
-
Endocrine System compared to Nervous System
Endocrine effects tend to be slower, long lasting
-
Endocrine messengers can affect wider variety of more distant
targets
As hormones flow through the blood vessels, wherever the
receptors have, will be effected
○
-
The two systems coordinate responses, and some cells are
"neuroendocrine cells"
Neurons that release hormone like chemicals
○
Neurons stimulate release of hormones
○
Hormones cause neurons to fire
○
-
Hormones act on their target cell in various ways:
Controlling the rate of reactions in cells
Can lead to growth, increase metabolic process
○
Cause target cells to produce chemicals
○
-
Controlling the transport of ions or molecules into or out of
cells
-
Controlling the gene expression in cells
-
Control of Hormone Release
Negative feedback regulation
Concentration of chemical stimulus
○
Humoral Control
Many hormones released as levels of a certain
chemicals are in the bloodstream
Ex: capillary blood contains low concentration
of Ca+, which stimulate secretion of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by the glands
□
§
○
Neuronal
Ex: Preganglionic SNS fiber stimulates adrenal
medulla cells to secrete catecholamine
§
○
Trophic hormones: stimulate release of other hormones
Ex: the hypothalamus secretes hormones that
stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to
secrete hormones
§
○
-
General Endocrine Pathologies (disease state)
Hypersecretion; hyposecretion
-
Faulty or inadequate receptors
Could have normal levels of hormones, but fault receptors
○
-
Problem with signaling mechanisms in cells
-
Major Organs of the Endocrine System
Pineal gland
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pituitary gland
-
Thyroid gland
-
Parathyroid glands
-
Thymus gland
-
Adrenal gland
On top of kidneys
○
-
Pancreas
Below stomach and abdominal cavity
○
-
Ovary (female)
-
Testis (male)
-
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus connects down to pituitary gland through long
stock called infundibulum
-
Pituitary gland in sphenoid bone
-
Together are the control center for many of the glands in the
body
-
Hypothalamus: releasing hormones control the secretions of
hormones by anterior pituitary (trophic hormones)
It produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
which are stored in the posterior pituitary
○
-
Pituitary gland:
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) true endocrine gland
True hormone producing
§
○
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) extension of the
brain
○
-
Hypothalamus had neurons
Nuclei of cell bodies
○
Neurons secrete hormones
Produce and release two different hormones into
posterior pituitary lobes
§
Hormones are stored
§
○
Another nuclei has different neurons that release trophic
hormones, secreted into blood supply, capillaries deliver
trophic hormones (inhibitory, excitatory)
○
-
Hormones and target organs of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus releasing trophic hormones affect anterior
pituitary gland's release of hormones
-
Variety of anterior pituitary gland
Control growth, metabolism, and reproduction in different
tissues
○
-
Thymus Gland (hormone producing gland)
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum (contains heart)
-
Superior to the heart, much larger in the fetus
Reduces in size as adult, can be completely absence as
well
○
-
Maturation of certain white blood cells (T cells)
-
Hormones stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T
cells
Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin
○
Help in stimulation of lymphatic organs
○
-
Thyroid Gland
Butterfly shape gland, inferior to voice box (larynx)
-
Lies above trachea (windpipe)
-
Largest adult gland to have purely endocrine functions
-
Two lobes joined by isthmus
-
Highly vascularized
-
Thyroid follicles
Sacs with follicular cells
Secrete thyroid hormone that is stored in sacs
§
○
-
Hormones:
Thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3) - from Follicular cells
Raised metabolic rate
§
○
Calcitonin - from C cells (parathyroid cells)
In opposition to parathyroid hormones
§
Calcitonin reduces level of calcium, maintaing
calcium in the bones
§
○
-
The Parathyroid Glands
Four small ovoid gland
-
Posterior side of thyroid in neck
-
Variable in location, number, and size
-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells to raise
calcium in blood
-
Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands
Supra=superior above kidney
-
Renal=kidney
-
Two suprarenal glands perched on top of kidneys
-
Located on the back side of the lower abdominal cavity
-
Retroperitoneal
-
Multiple purposes
-
Two major regions of adrenal glands
Outer adrenal cortex region
Endocrine tissue secreting hormones
§
80-90% of gland, outer part
§
Secretes more than 25corticosterouds including
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids
§
○
-
Inside of adrenal gland, adrenal medulla
Actually a ganglia, part of the nervous system
○
10-20% of gland, central
○
Chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
dopamine
○
Raises metabolic rate, mobilizes energy
○
-
Cushing disease
Over production of glucocorticoids
-
Characteristics
Fat deposits in certain regions of the body
○
Fatty hump on cervical area
○
-
ACTH over secretion at the anterior love of pituitary gland;
usually due to a benign tumor
-
Symptoms resemble exaggerate response to stress:
Glucose metabolism is suppressed, lipid reserves are
mobilized, and peripheral proteins are broken down
○
Adipose deposits in cheeks (moon face) and round the
base of neck (hump); skin becomes thin; and muscle
weakness
○
-
Chronic use of corticosteroids (example for treatment of
arthritis, asthma, transplant patients) can produce symptoms
similar to Cushing Disease
-
Pancreas
Part of digestive system as well
-
Located underneath stomach
-
Soft, long gland
-
Some tissues involved in exocrine function, secrete enzymes
for digestive an travel through ducts and carry through the
digestive tract
-
Pancreatic islets
Where you have beta, alpha, and delta cells
○
Pockets of tissue
○
Dispersed clusters of cells with endocrine functions
○
Alpha cells: glucagon causes rise in blood sugar
○
Beta cells: insulin causes absorption of blood sugar,
amylin enhances insulin effects
○
Delta cells: somatostatin regulates speed of digestion
○
-
Both endocrine hormones and exocrine (digestive enzyme)
functions
-
Antagonism: Insulin and Glucagon
Opposite response
○
Insulin and glucagon affect blood glucose levels
○
If blood glucose levels are low, levels detected in pancreas
Alpha cells secrete more glucagon causes cell in the
liver to release glucose and raise blood sugar
§
○
High blood sugar levels, cause beta cells to secrete more
insulin
Travels through blood stream and to the liver and
cause the cells to pick up more glucose, lower blood
sugar levels
§
○
-
Diabetes mellitus
Commonly due to the inadequate production of insulin or
diminished sensitivity to insulin
Something wrong with receptors
○
Decrease urine output
○
Weight loss
○
Sugar dumped in urine because of excess glucose
○
Fatigue, plenty of glucose but cells cannot utilize
○
Hunger
○
-
Gonads: Ovaries
Produce gametes, egg
-
Follicle cells produce hormones
-
Follicles have theca and granulosa cells
-
Estrogen and progesterone regular menstrual cycle, pregnancy
-
Gonads: Testes
Produces hormone testosterone
-
Interstitial cells - testosterone regulates sex drive, sperm
production
-
Gonad hormones are also produced in adrenal glands
Endocrine Cells of Other Tissues and Organs
Other tissues and organs in our body secrete hormones
Skin
○
Liver
○
Kidney
○
Heart
○
Adipose tissue
○
Placenta
○
Osseous tissue
○
Stomach and small intestine secrete enteric hormones
○
-
Online Lecture - Week 5 (Endocrine System)
Saturday, April 28, 2018
1:30 AM
Endocrine System
Early endocrine structure and function
Castration of animals and men
○
-
Berthold (1849) Experiments with roosters
Template for Study
○
Removed testis from roosters
Saw that castrate birds had smaller combs, less sex
drive, less aggressiveness
§
Testes surgically placed back, normal comb and
behavior resumed
§
Glands must be secreting something into the blood
that affects entire body
§
○
-
Eastern and western cultures
-
Decreased sex drive and render males infertility
-
Hormone
Excite or arouse
-
Traditional definition: chemical secreted by a cell or group of
cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it
exerts its effect at very low concentrations nanomolar (10-9) to
picomolar (10-12 M)
-
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors
Not going to have effect on cells in tissue unless they have
those specific receptors
○
-
Endocrine System compared to Nervous System
Endocrine effects tend to be slower, long lasting
-
Endocrine messengers can affect wider variety of more distant
targets
As hormones flow through the blood vessels, wherever the
receptors have, will be effected
○
-
The two systems coordinate responses, and some cells are
"neuroendocrine cells"
Neurons that release hormone like chemicals
○
Neurons stimulate release of hormones
○
Hormones cause neurons to fire
○
-
Hormones act on their target cell in various ways:
Controlling the rate of reactions in cells
Can lead to growth, increase metabolic process
○
Cause target cells to produce chemicals
○
-
Controlling the transport of ions or molecules into or out of
cells
-
Controlling the gene expression in cells
-
Control of Hormone Release
Negative feedback regulation
Concentration of chemical stimulus
○
Humoral Control
Many hormones released as levels of a certain
chemicals are in the bloodstream
Ex: capillary blood contains low concentration
of Ca+, which stimulate secretion of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by the glands
□
§
○
Neuronal
Ex: Preganglionic SNS fiber stimulates adrenal
medulla cells to secrete catecholamine
§
○
Trophic hormones: stimulate release of other hormones
Ex: the hypothalamus secretes hormones that
stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to
secrete hormones
§
○
-
General Endocrine Pathologies (disease state)
Hypersecretion; hyposecretion
-
Faulty or inadequate receptors
Could have normal levels of hormones, but fault receptors
○
-
Problem with signaling mechanisms in cells
-
Major Organs of the Endocrine System
Pineal gland
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pituitary gland
-
Thyroid gland
-
Parathyroid glands
-
Thymus gland
-
Adrenal gland
On top of kidneys
○
-
Pancreas
Below stomach and abdominal cavity
○
-
Ovary (female)
-
Testis (male)
-
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus connects down to pituitary gland through long
stock called infundibulum
-
Pituitary gland in sphenoid bone
-
Together are the control center for many of the glands in the
body
-
Hypothalamus: releasing hormones control the secretions of
hormones by anterior pituitary (trophic hormones)
It produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
which are stored in the posterior pituitary
○
-
Pituitary gland:
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) true endocrine gland
True hormone producing
§
○
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) extension of the
brain
○
-
Hypothalamus had neurons
Nuclei of cell bodies
○
Neurons secrete hormones
Produce and release two different hormones into
posterior pituitary lobes
§
Hormones are stored
§
○
Another nuclei has different neurons that release trophic
hormones, secreted into blood supply, capillaries deliver
trophic hormones (inhibitory, excitatory)
○
-
Hormones and target organs of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus releasing trophic hormones affect anterior
pituitary gland's release of hormones
-
Variety of anterior pituitary gland
Control growth, metabolism, and reproduction in different
tissues
○
-
Thymus Gland (hormone producing gland)
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum (contains heart)
-
Superior to the heart, much larger in the fetus
Reduces in size as adult, can be completely absence as
well
○
-
Maturation of certain white blood cells (T cells)
-
Hormones stimulate development of lymphatic organs and T
cells
Thymopoietin, thymosin, and thymulin
○
Help in stimulation of lymphatic organs
○
-
Thyroid Gland
Butterfly shape gland, inferior to voice box (larynx)
-
Lies above trachea (windpipe)
-
Largest adult gland to have purely endocrine functions
-
Two lobes joined by isthmus
-
Highly vascularized
-
Thyroid follicles
Sacs with follicular cells
Secrete thyroid hormone that is stored in sacs
§
○
-
Hormones:
Thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3) - from Follicular cells
Raised metabolic rate
§
○
Calcitonin - from C cells (parathyroid cells)
In opposition to parathyroid hormones
§
Calcitonin reduces level of calcium, maintaing
calcium in the bones
§
○
-
The Parathyroid Glands
Four small ovoid gland
-
Posterior side of thyroid in neck
-
Variable in location, number, and size
-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells to raise
calcium in blood
-
Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands
Supra=superior above kidney
-
Renal=kidney
-
Two suprarenal glands perched on top of kidneys
-
Located on the back side of the lower abdominal cavity
-
Retroperitoneal
-
Multiple purposes
-
Two major regions of adrenal glands
Outer adrenal cortex region
Endocrine tissue secreting hormones
§
80-90% of gland, outer part
§
Secretes more than 25corticosterouds including
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids
§
○
-
Inside of adrenal gland, adrenal medulla
Actually a ganglia, part of the nervous system
○
10-20% of gland, central
○
Chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
dopamine
○
Raises metabolic rate, mobilizes energy
○
-
Cushing disease
Over production of glucocorticoids
-
Characteristics
Fat deposits in certain regions of the body
○
Fatty hump on cervical area
○
-
ACTH over secretion at the anterior love of pituitary gland;
usually due to a benign tumor
-
Symptoms resemble exaggerate response to stress:
Glucose metabolism is suppressed, lipid reserves are
mobilized, and peripheral proteins are broken down
○
Adipose deposits in cheeks (moon face) and round the
base of neck (hump); skin becomes thin; and muscle
weakness
○
-
Chronic use of corticosteroids (example for treatment of
arthritis, asthma, transplant patients) can produce symptoms
similar to Cushing Disease
-
Pancreas
Part of digestive system as well
-
Located underneath stomach
-
Soft, long gland
-
Some tissues involved in exocrine function, secrete enzymes
for digestive an travel through ducts and carry through the
digestive tract
-
Pancreatic islets
Where you have beta, alpha, and delta cells
○
Pockets of tissue
○
Dispersed clusters of cells with endocrine functions
○
Alpha cells: glucagon causes rise in blood sugar
○
Beta cells: insulin causes absorption of blood sugar,
amylin enhances insulin effects
○
Delta cells: somatostatin regulates speed of digestion
○
-
Both endocrine hormones and exocrine (digestive enzyme)
functions
-
Antagonism: Insulin and Glucagon
Opposite response
○
Insulin and glucagon affect blood glucose levels
○
If blood glucose levels are low, levels detected in pancreas
Alpha cells secrete more glucagon causes cell in the
liver to release glucose and raise blood sugar
§
○
High blood sugar levels, cause beta cells to secrete more
insulin
Travels through blood stream and to the liver and
cause the cells to pick up more glucose, lower blood
sugar levels
§
○
-
Diabetes mellitus
Commonly due to the inadequate production of insulin or
diminished sensitivity to insulin
Something wrong with receptors
○
Decrease urine output
○
Weight loss
○
Sugar dumped in urine because of excess glucose
○
Fatigue, plenty of glucose but cells cannot utilize
○
Hunger
○
-
Gonads: Ovaries
Produce gametes, egg
-
Follicle cells produce hormones
-
Follicles have theca and granulosa cells
-
Estrogen and progesterone regular menstrual cycle, pregnancy
-
Gonads: Testes
Produces hormone testosterone
-
Interstitial cells - testosterone regulates sex drive, sperm
production
-
Gonad hormones are also produced in adrenal glands
Endocrine Cells of Other Tissues and Organs
Other tissues and organs in our body secrete hormones
Skin
○
Liver
○
Kidney
○
Heart
○
Adipose tissue
○
Placenta
○
Osseous tissue
○
Stomach and small intestine secrete enteric hormones
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Online Lecture - Week 5 (Endocrine System)
Saturday, April 28, 2018 1:30 AM
Document Summary
Saw that castrate birds had smaller combs, less sex drive, less aggressiveness. Testes surgically placed back, normal comb and behavior resumed. Glands must be secreting something into the blood that affects entire body. Traditional definition: chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target, where it exerts its effect at very low concentrations nanomolar (10-9) to picomolar (10-12 m) Not going to have effect on cells in tissue unless they have those specific receptors. Endocrine effects tend to be slower, long lasting. Endocrine messengers can affect wider variety of more distant targets targets. As hormones flow through the blood vessels, wherever the receptors have, will be effected. The two systems coordinate responses, and some cells are. Hormones act on their target cell in various ways: Controlling the transport of ions or molecules into or out of cells. Many hormones released as levels of a certain chemicals are in the bloodstream.
