BIOL 134 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Streptococcus, Spirillum, Staphylococcus
Document Summary
Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge. Often, # of protons = # of electrons, so atoms have no charge. Sometimes, electrons are lost or gained, changing the charge. Easy to change electrons, really hard to change protons. Molecules are made by atoms sharing electrons. 1 hydrogen molecule is 2 hydrogen atoms: electrons are happiest when there are 2 per nucleus, covalent bond, h-h structural formula, h2 molecular formula. Hard to break up, dissolves in water almost immediately. Not every nucleus in a molecule likes electrons the same amount. Sometimes a cell wants things really stuck together. Sometimes a cell wants things to be easier to break apart. Acid contributes extra hydrogen ions to an aqueous solution. Carbohydrates: mixture of c, o , and h molecules. Hydrophilic (water-loving: crucial part of energy metabolism, crucial part of cellular structures. Lipids (fats) c, o, h: long c-h chain.
