KNES 385 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Motor Learning, Proprioception

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orangereindeer556

30 Nov 2016

School

University of Maryland

Department

Kinesiology

Course

KNES 385

Professor

Dr.Gentili

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Document Summary

Closed loop control system: a system of control in which, during the course of an action, sensory information related to the effects of motor commands can affect motor commands. Note: m&a give a more narrow definition of closed-loop control. Closed-loop control system: a system of control in which, during the course of an action, sensory information related to the effects of motor commands can affect future motor commands. Role of feedback in motor control (open vs. closed loop) Question 1: what type of main feedback is available during the task: visual and proprioceptive. Question 2: what do we observe when the task is executed eyes-opened and eyes-closed at normal speed: the hand trajectories are relatively straight and similar in both cases (with eyes open may be better than eyes closed) Question 3: in each case, which feedback is available: eyes open: vision + proprioception, eyes closed: only proprioception.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

rubymule151

1. Which statement is normally prepared first? (Points : 3) Income statement Balance sheet Statement of cash flows Retained earnings statement2. When a business borrows money, it incurs a(n) (Points : 3) tax. liability. cash payment. all of these.3. More than 70% of businesses are organized as what type of business? (Points : 3) Not-for-profit Corporation Partnership Sole proprietorship4. Brennan, Inc. had revenues of $234,000, expenses of $175,000, and dividends of $40,000 during 2009. Which of the following statements is correct? (Points : 3) Net income for 2009 totaled $19,000. Net income for 2009 totaled $59,000. Total retained earnings increased by $59,000 during 2009. Total retained earnings decreased by $40,000 during 2009.5. The statement of cash flows is integrated with the balance sheet because (Points : 3) the cash at the beginning of the period plus or minus the cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities equals the end of period cash reported on the balance sheet. the cash at the beginning of the period plus or minus the net income equals the end of period cash reported on the balance sheet. the cash at the beginning of the period plus or minus assets and liabilities equals the end of period cash reported on the balance sheet. the cash at the beginning of the period plus or minus the cash flows from operating activities equals the end of period cash reported on the balance sheet.6. The basic financial statements do NOT include the (Points : 3) income statement. tax return balance sheet. statement of cash flows.7. A __________ is an economic event that under generally accepted accounting principles affects an element of the financial statements and must be recorded. (Points : 3) framework control set of rules transaction8. The payment of a liability (Points : 3) decreases assets and stockholders' equity. increases assets and decreases liabilities. decreases assets and increases liabilities. decreases assets and decreases liabilities. 9. Co. received $1,000 from Newbie as rent for the use of a building owned by UNI. How does this transaction affect UNI's accounts if UNI recognizes a liability? (Points : 3) Cash is increased and revenue is increased. Cash is increased and revenue is decreased. Cash is increased and unearned revenue is increased. It is not recorded.10. Depreciation Expense and Accumulated Depreciation are classified, respectively, as (Points : 3) expense and contra asset. asset and contra liability. revenue and asset. contra asset and expense.11. Deferred expenses (prepaid expenses) are items initially recorded as assets but are expected to become __________ over time. (Points : 3) Liabilities Assets stockholders%u2019 equity Expenses12. A&M Co. provided services of $1,000,000 to clients on account. How does this transaction affect A&M%u2019s accounts? (Points : 3) Increase accounts receivable and cash by $1,000,000 each Increase accounts receivable and revenues by $1,000,000 each Increase accounts receivable and unearned revenues by $1,000,000 each No effect at this time13. Multiple-step income statements show: (Points : 3) gross profit but not income from operations. neither gross profit nor income from operations. both gross profit and income from operations. income from operations but not gross profit.14. Since merchandise inventory is normally sold within a year, how is it reported on the balance sheet? (Points : 3) As a revenue As the cost of merchandise sold It does not appear on the Balance Sheet As a current asset15. The credit terms of a sale are normally indicated on a(n) (Points : 3) purchase order. invoice. bill of lading. account receivable.16. Inventory shortage is recorded when (Points : 3) merchandise is returned by a buyer. merchandise purchased from a seller is incomplete or short. merchandise is returned to a seller. there is a difference between a physical count of inventory and inventory records. 17. The bank reconciliation (Points : 3) should be prepared by an employee who records cash transactions. is part of the internal control system. is for information purposes only. is sent to the bank for verification.18. A special cash fund used to make small payments that occur frequently is called a(n) (Points : 3) operating expenses fund. change fund. market fund. petty cash fund.19. The objectives of internal control are to (Points : 3) control the internal organization of the accounting department personnel and equipment. provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded, information is processed accurately, and laws and regulations are complied with. prevent fraud and promote the social interest of the company. provide control over %u201Cinternal-use only%u201D reports and employee internal conduct.20. When a firm uses internal auditors, it is adhering to which of the following internal control elements? (Points : 3) Risk assessment Proofs and security measures Monitoring Separating responsibilities for related operations21. What type of account is Allowance for Doubtful Accounts? (Points : 3) Contra asset Asset Revenue Expense22. Merchandise inventory is reported on the balance sheet in the section entitled (Points : 3) current assets. fixed assets. current liabilities. stockholders' equity.23. Receivables are usually a significant portion of (Points : 3) total current liabilities. total liabilities. total current assets. total assets.24. The inventory data for an item for November are: Nov.1 Inventory 25 units at $20 10 Purchased 30 units at $21 30 Purchased 10 units at $22 Sold 35 unitsUsing the first-in, first-out method, what is the cost of the merchandise inventory of 30 units on November 30? (Points : 3) $640 $605 $623 $66025. All amounts paid to get an asset in place and ready for use are referred to as (Points : 3) capital expenditures. revenue expenditures. residual value. cost of an asset.26. Fixed assets are ordinarily presented in the balance sheet (Points : 3) at current market values. at replacement costs. at cost less accumulated depreciation. in a separate section along with intangible assets.27. Goodwill is (Points : 3) amortized similar to other intangibles. only written down if an impairment in value occurs. charged to expense immediately. amortized over 40 years or its economic life, whichever is shorter.28. If a capital expenditure is treated as a revenue expenditure, then (Points : 3) expenses are overstated and owners' equity is understated. expenses are overstated and assets are overstated. expenses are understated and owners' equity is overstated. net income is overstated and owners' equity is understated.29. A bond indenture is (Points : 3) a contract between the corporation issuing the bonds and the underwriters selling the bonds. the amount due at the maturity date of the bonds. a contract between the corporation issuing the bonds and the bondholders. the amount for which the corporation can buy back the bonds prior to the maturity date.30. Gross earnings for a payroll period less payroll deductions are referred to as (Points : 3) overtime pay. bonus pay. gross pay. net pay.31. How is treasury stock shown on the balance sheet? (Points : 3) As an asset As a decrease in stockholders' equity As an increase in stockholders' equity Treasury stock is not shown on the balance sheet.32. Current liabilities are (Points : 3) due but not receivable for more than one year. due but not payable for more than one year. due and receivable within one year. due and payable within one year.33. The total earnings of an employee for a payroll period are referred to as (Points : 3) take-home pay. pay net of taxes. net pay. gross pay.34. Where is interest expense listed on the income statement? (Points : 3) Other expense section Cost of merchandise sold Operating expenses Interest expense is on the balance sheet, not the income statement.35. A corporation has 50,000 shares of $100 par value stock outstanding. If the corporation issues a 4-for-1 stock split, the number of shares outstanding after the split will be (Points : 3) 200,000 shares. 50,000 shares. 250,000 shares. 12,500 shares.

sangriaporpoise636

This is the peak depolarization in an action potential. At this point in an action potential two events start to happen.

1. Na+ channels begin to inactivate, which is equivalent to closing.

2. A majority of the K+ channels are beginning to open.

Determine what happens to the membrane potential when voltage-gated K+ channels are open simultaneously with voltage-gated Na+ channels (and the leak K+ channels which are still open). Increase the membrane permeability to K+ by increasing it to 115.

i. What happens to the membrane potential Em? __________________________

j. Why does the membrane potential change in this direction? __________________________ Now inactivate the voltage-gated Na+ channels by reducing the membrane permeability for Na+ back to 1. k. What is the new membrane potential? _____________

l. Is the new membrane potential less negative or more negative than the resting membrane potential listed in line âbâ of this section? _____________

m. Why? (hint: what 2 types of K+ channels are open now?) n. Under the current ionic concentrations given, what is the most negative value that the membrane potential could reach? _____________ (Increase the permeability of the membrane to K+ to confirm your answer.)

o. What equilibrium potential has the same value? _____________

p. At this point in the action potential, when the membrane potential is more negative than the resting potential, the membrane potential is said to be hyperpolarized. What happens to voltage-gated K+ channels (membrane permeability to K+) to bring the membrane potential back to its resting potential near -70mV?_____________

When the membrane potential became more negative than the Threshold potential, the inactivated voltage-gated Na+ channels became reactivated. After the voltage-gated K+ channels closed to enable the membrane potential to return to resting membrane potential they became ready to open again. Both channels are ready to open again in order to fire another action potentia

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KNES 385 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Motor Learning, Proprioception

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