HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 74: Turkish Nationalism, Autocracy, Mensheviks
31 May 2018
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I.Liberalism and Its Discontents: National Politics at the Turn of the Century
A. Late-nineteenth-century liberalism
1. Middle-class liberals found themselves on the defensive after 1870
2. Mass politics upset the balance between middle-class interests and traditional elites
3. Trade unions, socialists, and feminists all challenged Europe's governing class
4. The government's response was a mixture of conciliation and repression
5. What was required was a distinctly modern form of mass politics
B. France: the embattled republic
1. Franco-Prussian War (1870) a humiliating defeat for France
2. Government of the Second Empire collapsed
3. The Third Republic
a. A new constitution (1875)
i. Triumph of democratic and parliamentary principles
b. Class conflict
4. The Paris Commune (1871)
. Pitted the nation against the radical city of Paris
a. Paris refused to surrender to the Germans
b. Paris proclaimed itself to be the true government of France
c. Government sends troops to Paris in March 1871
d. Barricades and street fighting
e. Twenty-five thousand were executed, killed in fighting, or consumed in fires
C. The Dreyfus Affair and anti-Semitism as politics
1. French anti-Semitism: a new form of radical right-wing politics (nationalist,
antiparliamentary, and antiliberal)
2. The Dreyfus Affair (1894)
. Dreyfus convicted of selling military secrets to Germany
a. Sent to Devil's Island
b. The verdict was questioned and documents were proven to be forgeries (1896)
c. émile Zola (1840-1902) backed Dreyfus
. Blasted the French establishment in "J'accuse" (I Accuse)
d. Dreyfus eventually freed in 1899 and cleared of all guilt in 1906
e. Consequences
. Separation of church and state in France
i. Republicans saw church army as hostile toward the republic
3. Merged three strands of anti-Semitism
. Christian anti-Semitism (Jews as Christ killers)
a. Economic anti-Semitism (Rothschild as representative of all Jews)
b. Racial thinking (Jews as an inferior race)
4. An ideology of hatred
. Jews in the army subverted national purpose
a. Mass culture corrupted French culture
b. Jews and wealth
5. La Libre Parole (Free Speech, 1892), the Anti-Semitic League, and Jewish France (1886)
6. The Third Republic
. Showed that the radical right and anti-Semitism were plainly political forces
D. Zionism: Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
1. Considered the Dreyfus Affair to be an expression of a fundamental problem
. Jews might never be assimilated into European culture
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2. Endorsed Zionism—building a separate Jewish homeland outside Europe
3. Zionism as a modern nationalist movement
4. The State of the Jews (1896)
5. Convened the first Zionist Congress in Switzerland in 1897
E. Germany's search for imperial unity
1. Bismarck united Germany under the banner of Prussian conservatism (1864-1871)
. Sought to create the centralizing institutions of a modern state
a. Safeguarding the privileges of Germany's national interests
b. The conservative upper house (Bundesrat) and the democratic lower house
(Reichstag)
c. Executive power rested solely with William I (1797-1888, r. 1861- 1888), king
and kaiser (emperor)
d. Cabinet ministers answered only to the kaiser
2. Three problems
. Divide between Catholics and Protestants
a. Growing Social Democratic Party
b. Divisive economic interests of agriculture and industry
3. Kulturkampf (cultural struggle)
. Bismarck unleashed an anti-Catholic campaign
a. Apealed to sectarian tensions over public education and civil marriages
b. Passed laws that imprisoned priests for political sermons
c. Banned Jesuits from Prussia
d. The campaign backfired
. Catholic Center Party won seats in the Reichstag in 1874
i. Bismarck negotiated an alliance with the Catholic Center
4. The new coalition
. Agricultural and industrial interests as well as socially conservative Catholics
5. Social Democrats as the new enemies of the empire
. Bismarck passed antisocialist laws in 1878
a. Expelled socialists from major cities
6. Social welfare
. Workers guaranteed sickness and accident insurance
a. Rigorous factory inspection
b. Limited working hours for women and children
c. Old-age pensions
7. Social welfare legislation did not win the loyalty of workers
8. William II (1859-1941, r. 1888-1918)
. Suspended antisocialist legislation in 1890 and legalized the SPD
F. Britain: from moderation to militance
1. The Second Reform Bill (1867)
2. Liberal and Conservative political parties
3. New laws
. Legality of trade unions
a. Rebuilding large urban areas
b. Elementary education for all children
c. Male Dissenters can attend Oxford or Cambridge
d. 75 percent of adult males enfranchised by 1894
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