HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Pope Gregory Vii, Secular Clergy, Investiture Controversy
30 May 2018
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I.Violence and Lordship
A. New wealth fostered both social mobility and social stratification
B. Families begin to establish themselves as territorial lords
C. Protected territories and followers by building castles
1. Castles begin to dominate the landscape
2. Serve defensive and offensive role
3. Dominate the landscape
D. New lords claim descent from successful Vikings; break from Roman past
E. Need assistance of warriors to defend their claims of power
1. Knighthood
a. A new social order of men of widely varying social rank
b. A specialized warrior group associated with the nobility
F. Europe becomes a continent of faux "kingdoms"
1. Political and military power was in the hand of wealthy landholders
2. Centralized Europe's growing wealth for themselves
3. These medieval lords exercised enormous power over property rights, coinage, law,
military, and taxation
G. The problem of feudalism
1. Feudalism as a highly decentralized political system
2. Varieties of interpretation
. Marxist historiography
a. Social historians
b. Legal historians
3. Military historians
4. Feudalism defined
. A political system in which public powers were exercised by private lords
a. First took shape in tenth- and eleventh-century France
b. Justified a hierarchical legal and political order
c. Vocabulary
i. Fief: a contract in which something of value was exchanged for service
ii. Vassal: recipient of a fief
iii. Homage: a solemn act in which a vassal becomes "the man" of his
lord
d. Personal relationships of service in return for landholding
H. A New Feudal Monarchy: England
1. In 1066 Duke William of Normandy claims to be successor of English king
2. English people elected Harold king
. William defeated Harold at battle of Hastings and took power
3. William had to subjugate all others who claimed kingship
. Asserted kingship by both conquest and imperial succession
a. Claimed all land of England belonged to him
4. William rewarded his Norman followers with fiefs taken from English landholders
. William received their loyalty and share of their revenues
5. William exercised many important powers of the state:
. Coined money
a. Collected national land tax
b. Supervised royal courts
c. Had right to raise an army
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