BSC 314 Lecture Notes - Lecture 34: Interphase, Prophase, Eukaryote

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silvercicada472

27 Jun 2018

School

University of Alabama

Department

BSC

Course

BSC 314

Professor

Asma Hatouma

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Eukaryote Cell Divison: The Cell Cycle

When compared with prokaryotic cell division, the process isn't as simple in eukaryotes,

where linear chromosomes that are contained within a membrane bound nucleus have ‐

to be apportioned equally between two daughter cells. If something goes wrong and

they aren't distributed equally, chances are the daughter cells will die for lack of

instructions on how properly to conduct the business of life. The eukaryote cell is also

filled with organelles and other cytoplasmic materials that must be divided. Small

wonder, then, that the process not only is more highly orchestrated, but that it takes

much longer to accomplish.

The essentially continuous process of cellular division in body ( somatic) cells has three

significant steps: 1.) the actual division of the nucleus, called mitosis;2.) the division of

the cytoplasmic material— cytokinesis—into two daughter cells after the nuclear

division; and 3.) the interphase just before and after division. The division to produce

sex cells ( gametes) is called meiosis and involves still other complications.

The entire sequence of repeating events from one mitotic division to the next is referred

to as the cell cycle. The cycle has two principal parts: 1.) interphase, divided

into G 1 (Gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), and G 2 (Gap 2) and, 2.) the M phase—the

combination of mitosis and cytokinesis. Figure diagrams the stages in the cycle, and

Table lists the events of significance in each. Figure diagrams the steps in mitosis.

The time to complete the cell cycle varies among species, the tissues in which the cells

occur, and general environmental conditions. Of the nuclear division stages, prophase

is the longest, and the separation and movement of the daughter chromatids in

anaphase is the shortest. Relative lengths might be: prophase 1 to 2+ hours,

metaphase 5 to 15 minutes, anaphase 2 to 10 minutes, and telophase 10 to 30 minutes.

A fourth interphase stage— G 0 —often is present in plants. It can occur at almost any

point and is induced by unfavorable growing conditions, such as the onset of cold winter

weather or by drought during the summer. It is a holding stage while the plant is

dormant.

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Related Questions

Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

BSC 314 Lecture Notes - Lecture 34: Interphase, Prophase, Eukaryote

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