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KNES 313 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation

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peachbeetle258
3 Sep 2019
School
Towson University
Department
Kinesiology
Course
KNES 313
Professor
KNUTH

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Document Summary

Acetyl-coa: common point where all fuels meet at the start of aerobic atp production. Glucose pyruvate acetyl-coa fatty-acid fatty acyl-coa acetyl-coa. Also called the citric acid cycle (tca cycle) Carbohydrate, fat, & protein can all enter. Completes the oxidation of substrates and produces nadh and. Forms 2 co2 molecules & only 1 atp. Hydrogens & electrons are transported to etc by 3 nadh & 1 fadh: electron transport chain (etc) Produces majority of atp in aerobic metabolism. Oxidative phosphorylation: production of atp by etc: acetyl-coa enters the krebs cycle. Energy gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane provides energy to form atp. Reducing agents (nadh, fadh2) donate electrons to help form the gradient. Electrons and h+ from nadh and fadh2 are accepted by o2 to form water. 3 atp produced for every nadh; 2 atp produced for every fadh2. Total amount varies based on length and saturation of fatty acid chains.

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Related Questions

force times distance

Question 48

Soccer (assuming field player) is a sport which is 90% aerobic.

True

False

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA

glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle

its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

to keep the electron transport chain operational

to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons

act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)

all of the above

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

aerobic glycolysis

gluconeogenesis using lactate

the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.

the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 55

Which of the following is the best predictor of marathon running performance?

A.

Maximal rate of pyruvate oxidation

B.

Maximal rate of lactate formation

C.

Amount of adipose tissue triglycerides

D.

Pre-race blood glucose concentration

Question 18

The process that forms new glucose in the liver is called ...

A.

glycogenolysis

B.

Krebs cycle

C.

lipolysis

D.

gluconeogenisis

E.

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

A person exercises in their “fat burning zone” for 4 hours at 35% VO2peak. The O2 cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O2):

A.

The subject is in neutral energy balance

B.

The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise

C.

The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise

D.

Can’t say

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

aerobic glycolysis

gluconeogenesis using lactate

the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.

the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

to keep the electron transport chain operational

to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons

act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)

all of the above

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA

glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle

its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

1. C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ã 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose is being _____ to _____ and oxygen is being _____ to _____. a. oxidized; carbon dioxide; reduced; water b. oxidized; water; reduced; carbon dioxide Incorrect c. reduced; water; oxidized; carbon dioxide d. reduced; carbon dioxide; oxidized; water

2. Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP? a. the citric acid cycle Incorrect b. glycolysis c. the digestion of starch to glucose d. oxidative phosphorylation

3. Which of the following is a catabolic pathway? a. gluconeogenesis b. production of starch Incorrect c. glycolysis d. production of glycogen

4. Per molecule, the oxidation of a fatty acid results in _____ energy storage than the oxidation of glucose. a. the same b. less Incorrect c. more d. None of the above; fatty acids cannot be oxidized.

5. Of the eight reactions in the citric acid cycle, how many are oxidation-reduction reactions? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

6. The process of glycolysis transfers the energy in sugar molecules into the stored energy of activated carriers such as ATP and NADH. Which statement is true about glycolysis? a. Only eukaryotic organisms do glycolysis. b. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in all eukaryotic cells, but are different in prokaryotic cells due to their diverse metabolic strategies. Incorrect c. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in almost all living organisms on the planet. d. There are many ways to oxidize glucose and transfer energy into activated carriers; the diversity of organisms on the planet is reflected in the diversity of their mechanisms of glycolysis.

7. Referring to the sentence completed in #13 above, the purpose of the latter reaction (in active muscle cells) is to _____. a. accumulate lactic acid in the cell, which provides additional energy for the production of ATP Incorrect b. slow down glycolysis until oxygen becomes available again c. accelerate the Krebs cycle, which will restore the oxygen supply d. regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen

8. What are the products of the citric acid cycle? a. carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 and GTP b. carbon dioxide, NAD+, FAD and GTP c. NADH, FADH2, and acetyl CoA Incorrect d. carbon dioxide and water

9. Which statement is true about enzymes? a. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions because they make inherently endergonic reactions exergonic. b. Each enzyme in a cell can catalyze many different chemical reactions involving chemically different substrates. Incorrect c. Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction. d. After catalyzing a reaction, an enzyme is permanently altered and can no longer bind substrate. e. None of the above is true. 1

10. ∆G measures the change in free energy in a system as it converts reactant (Y) into product (X). When [X] = [Y], ∆G is equal to _____. a. RT b. ΔG° + RT c. ΔG° d. ln [X]/[Y]

11. The ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. What conditions in the cell would lead to a ∆G for ATP hydrolysis of -11 kcal/mol? a. An increase in the ATP/ADP ratio b. An increase in anabolic activity in the cell c. Transport of ATP out of the compartment where the reaction is occurring Incorrect d. A decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio

12. In the first reaction of glycolysis, a phosphate transferred from ATP to a glucose molecule to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Under conditions existing in the cell, the free energy change for this reaction is -8.0 kcal/mole. Which of the following statements is true? Recall that the ∆G° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. a. Glucose concentrations in the cell are always low, making this reaction more favorable than would be expected. b. This reaction is less favorable than would be expected, given the ∆G° of ATP hydrolysis. c. Glucose-6-P concentrations in the cell are very low relative to glucose concentrations, making the reaction more favorable than would be expected. d. The ∆G° for the addition of a phosphate to glucose must be -0.7 kcal/mole.

13. Protein E can bind to two different proteins, S and I. The binding reactions are described by the following equations and values: E + S --> ES Keq for ES = 10 E + I> EI Keq for EI = 2 Given the equilibrium constant values, which one of the following statements is true? a. When S is present in excess, no I molecules will bind to E. b. E binds I more tightly than S. c. The binding energy of the ES interaction is greater than that of the EI interaction. d. Changing an amino acid on the binding surface of I from a basic amino acid to an acidic one will probably make the free energy of association with E more negative.