WOMS 020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Infant Mortality, Double Consciousness

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ivorycicada842

22 Feb 2018

School

SJSU

Department

Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies

Course

WOMS 020

Professor

Shahin Gerami

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Document Summary

Woms 20 - lecture 6- demography and bleaching syndrome. Crude birth rates : number of live births per year per 1000 of the population. They are called crude rates because of their very general character. Higher educated women tend to have less kids. Fertility rate : how many live born children to the average woman in the child-bearing age. Low birth rate usually means women of low status are not bearing children. Crude death rate : (also called mortality rates) are claculated as the number of deaths per 1000 or population per year. The infant mortality rate: number of babies that die before the age of one per 1000 live-births per year. The portion of males to females in a given population usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females at a specific stage in life, especially at conception, birth, and a given stage between birth and death. Sex ratio: number of males per number of females.

Related Questions

This includes showing all calculations and explaining why you selected a specific answer for each multiple choice question (i.e. donât just circle the correct answer). I am looking to see how you got the answer, not just that you have the correct answer.

Below is data from the United States Cancer Statistics about the number of news cases of lung cancer in males in the U.S. for 2011 for ages 30 and older.

Table 1: U.S. Population Size and Incidence Cases of Lung Cancer in Males for 2011

Age (Years)	U.S. Male Population	White Population	White Incidence Cases	Black Population	Black Incidence Cases
30-34	10,181,564	7,950,924	88	1,383,650	22
35-39	9,666,162	7,557,263	212	1,271,897	23
40-44	10,363,126	8,259,215	643	1,324,847	132
45-49	10,856,131	8,766,225	2,032	1,373,346	444
50-54	10,976,172	9,004,383	5,128	1,329,551	1,148
55-59	9,733,849	8,101,629	8,607	1,091,030	1,687
60-64	8,466,308	7,183,960	12,340	845,362	2,067
65-69	6,014,777	5,178,255	15,792	539,796	2,077
70-74	4,360,942	3,769,569	16,011	376,129	1,864
75-79	3,204,196	2,807,216	14,319	255,221	1,426
80-84	2,319,839	2,078,071	11,284	154,155	883
85+	1,873,942	1,688,433	7,616	117,267	545
Total	88,017,008	72,345,143	94,072	10,062,251	12,318

3. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in white men age 75-79 for 2011?(1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

4. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in black men age 75-79 for 2011? (1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

Questions 5 through 7 are based on the information below:

Using the information in Table 1, researchers calculated the crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates (via the direct method) for both groups.

Table 2: Crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates for white and black males

White Males		Black Males
Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate	Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate
1.3 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.5 per 1000

5. True or False, there is likely a difference in the age composition between the white and black males. Explain your answer

6. Based on the information in Table 2, it was reported that there was an increased risk of lung cancer in black males in 2011. (1 pt)

The conclusion is:

Correct, the age-adjusted rate is higher in black males compared to white males

Correct, because both the crude and age-adjusted rates are higher in black males compared to white males

Incorrect, because the incidence rate for white males is actually higher than the incidence rate for black males

7. What type of age-adjusted rate was calculated in table 2? How does it differ from the age-adjusted rate in question 5 in the in-class exercise for age-adjustments? Hint: See slide title: Adjustments for Other Measures of Disease Frequency in the lecture title Adjusted Rates (1 pt)

Question 8 is based on the information given below:

Cause-specific mortality rates for men in 2010 in the U.S. from various types of cancers are shown in the table below:

Cause-Specific Mortality Rates

(per 100,000 Men)

Location of the Cancer

in the Body White Asian

Pancreas 13.2 5.7

Prostate 19.1 2.5

Lung 62.3 18.5

Skin 4.9 0.3

8. The inference that White men in the U.S. are at higher risk of death due to cancer of the pancreas, prostate, lung, and skin compared to Asian men in the U.S. is

A. correct

B. incorrect because of failure to determine cause-specific mortality rates

incorrect because proportionate mortality alone does not give an estimate of risk

D. incorrect because of failure to adjust for differences in the age composition of the two populations

E. incorrect because counts were used when cause-specific mortality rates were needed

9. In January 1996, a team of epidemiologists identified a sample of 4,500 men, 65-74 years of age, for a study of prostate cancer. Tests indicated that 315 of the men already had prostate cancer and, therefore, were not at risk. The rest of the men were followed prospectively for five years to determine the incidence rate of prostate cancer in the sample. By the end of the five years of follow-up 156 of the men had developed prostate cancer. What is the incidence rate of prostate cancer in this group?

10. An epidemiologic investigation that started on January 1, 2011, identified a population of 1,000 individuals. At the start of the study 4 were found to have the disease. During the year of study, 6 new cases were found; thus a total of 10 cases were identified. Among those 10 cases, 6 deaths occurred during the year. What was the prevalence of the disease during the 1-year study?

pinkhornet564

1. Life expectancies differ across populations. Life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is currently around 78 years (76 for males; 81 for females). Consider a population in which life expectancy at birth is 50. Given what you know about life history theory, discuss how this population would differ from the U.S. across the following life history characteristics: age at first marriage, age at first reproduction, total fertility (number of children born per female), length of time spent in school, and money spent on education. Be sure to support your predictions using life history theory.

2. The following data on interbirth interval (time between births), child survivorship, and percent of children married were collected to evaluate reproductive decisions within a population. Assuming a woman of this population has a 20-year reproductive span (maximum time available from first to last birth), use these data to 1) calculate the maximum number of live births a woman could have, and 2) determine the number of births that will lead to the highest fitness (surviving children who marry) if we assume that all married children will have the same number of offspring. To receive credit, you must show your work. Lastly, what are the implications of your results?

% child %

IBI (months) Survivorship ever married

12	0.6	0.4
15	0.64	0.47
18	0.68	0.54
21	0.72	0.61
24	0.76	0.68
27	0.8	0.75
30	0.84	0.82
33	0.88	0.89
36	0.88	0.96
39	0.89	0.96
42	0.9	0.96
45	0.91	0.96
48	0.92	0.96
51	0.93	0.96
54	0.94	0.96
57	0.95	0.96
60	0.96	0.96

Case Study

Skolnikland is in Eastern Africa, with a population of 30 million people. The country has a plains region, a hill region, and a region with high mountains. It has a number of ecosystems. The plains are dry for much of the year, there is some rainforest, and the rest of the country includes both hills and mountains. There are two seasons of heavy rainfall.

The citizens come from several ethnic groups that tend to live in their own regions and speak different languages. The ethnic groups largely follow one of three different religions. The large cities are mixed ethnically. One ethnic group is economically and socially very dominant. The people from this group live in the capital and most of the large cities. The national language is the language of this dominant ethnic group.

According to World Bank criteria, Skolnikland is among the poorest countries in the world. The economy has been growing at about 4% per year on average over the last decade, but the economy had very slow economic growth in the decades prior to that. The richest 10% of the population controls 80% of the national income.

About 80% of the people live in rural areas and 20% in urban areas. The number of people living in urban areas has been growing recently at an increasing pace. Most people earn their livelihood in agriculture but there is an increasing garment manufacturing industry in the two largest cities. There are also a number of mining industries. In addition, other export industries are beginning to grow, mostly focused on the export of commodities to China.

The total fertility rate is about 4.5 but it has been declining slowly over the last two decades, from over 6. There is an almost equal number of men and women in the population. Infant mortality is about 90 per 1,000 live births. Maternal mortality is about 500 per 100,000 live births. Thirty-five percent of the children are underweight for age.

The adult literacy rate is about 40%. The educational enrollment rate, especially for girls at the primary and secondary levels, has been growing slowly, but steadily. Most recently, this rate has been growing at an increasing pace and about 75% of the girls now attend school regularly, although many of them are of very low quality.

Only about 50% of citizens have access to safe water. Only about 30% have access to sanitary disposal of human waste.

HIV prevalence is 7% of the adult population. The number of new HIV cases annually has begun to plateau. About half of the people eligible for treatment for HIV are on treatment. Malaria is rampant in the plains.

Investments in the road system have been growing at a solid pace in the last decade and the use of private automobiles has begun recently to increase more rapidly.

Skolnikland has a pluralistic health system that is made up of public and private institutions, publicly financed providers, licensed private providers, unlicensed medical practitioners, and traditional healers. There is no health insurance, except for some free services for the poor in the few publicly financed hospitals, which the better off people do not attend. The health system is not very effective or efficient and is generally of low quality. The HIV, TB, and malaria programs are not effective or efficient and they are just beginning to adopt paradigms for services that follow global best practices.

QUESTION 26

What is a DALY?