FINA 365 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Operating Margin, Working Capital, Quick Ratio

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ambermuskrat630

17 Jan 2017

School

USC, SC, Carolina, South Carolina

Department

Finance

Course

FINA 365

Professor

Robert Hartwig

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Document Summary

Financial analysts often compute a firm"s earnings before taxes, interest, depreciation, amortization, or ebidta. To calculate ebitda: add back depreciation and amortization. Income statement is a measure of profit over time but doesn"t indicate how much cash the firm has earned. Lot of non-cash items in statement (amortization, depreciation) Statement of cash flows determines how much cash the firm has generate and how much cash has been allocated (combine information from income statement and balance sheet) Cash is important because it is needed to pay bills and maintain operations, and is a source of any return of investment for investors. Lack of attention to cash position can cause liquidity problems even if the firm is asset rich. 3 sections: operating activities, investment activities, financing activities. Accounts receivable: adjust cash flows by deducting increases in accounts receivable. This increases represents additional lending by the firm to customers and it reduces cash available to the firm.

Related Questions

Please analyze the future of IBM with a company that does not have solid financials, such as Tesla. Qualitative measures will be required. What are tthe likelihoods of success and how could that be determined (for Tesla) if current numbers do not provide promise. Tesla is breaking into an emerging market of hybrid vehicle technology, and though the technology has not fully evovled, will it? How do Telsa's finaincial compare to IBM as they compare to success or failre?

Thank you

TESLA INC (TSLA) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Revenue	4046	7000
Cost of revenue	3123	5401
Gross profit	924	1599
Operating expenses
Research and development	718	834
Sales, General and administrative	922	1432
Total operating expenses	1640	2267
Operating income	-717	-667
Interest Expense	119	199
Other income (expense)	-40	120
Income before taxes	-876	-746
Provision for income taxes	13	27
Net income from continuing operations	-889	-773
Other		98
Net income	-889	-675
Net income available to common shareholders	-889	-675
Earnings per share
Basic	-6.93	-4.68
Diluted	-6.93	-4.68
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	128	144
Diluted	128	144
EBITDA	-334	400

TESLA INC (TSLA) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	-889	-773
Depreciation & amortization	423	947
Amortization of debt discount/premium and issuance costs	72	87
Stock based compensation	198	334
Accounts receivable	46	-217
Inventory	-1574	-2466
Prepaid expenses	-30	57
Accounts payable
Accrued liabilities
Other working capital	1064	1932
Other non-cash items	165	-26
Net cash provided by operating activities	-524	-124
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investments in property, plant, and equipment	-1635	-1440
Acquisitions, net	-12	214
Purchases of investments
Sales/Maturities of investments		17
Other investing activities	-26	-206
Net cash used for investing activities	-1674	-1416
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Debt issued	319	2853
Debt repayment	-204	-1904
Warrant issued
Common stock issued	750	1702
Other financing activities	658	1094
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	1524	3744
Effect of exchange rate changes	-34	-7
Net change in cash	-709	2196
Cash at beginning of period	1906	1197
Cash at end of period	1197	3393
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow	-524	-124
Capital expenditure	-1635	-1440
Free cash flow	-2159	-1564

TESLA INC (TSLA) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Assets
Current assets
Cash
Cash and cash equivalents	1197	3393
Total cash	1197	3393
Receivables	169	499
Inventories	1278	2067
Prepaid expenses	125	194
Other current assets	23	106
Total current assets	2792	6260
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
Gross property, plant and equipment	5766	12920
Accumulated Depreciation	-571	-1018
Net property, plant and equipment	5195	15037
Intangible assets		376
Other long-term assets	106	991
Total non-current assets	5301	16404
Total assets	8092	22664
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term debt		1150
Capital leases	633
Accounts payable	916	1860
Taxes payable	101	153
Accrued liabilities	322	1005
Deferred revenues	707	1427
Other current liabilities	137	232
Total current liabilities	2816	5827
Non-current liabilities
Long-term debt	2082	118
Capital leases
Deferred taxes liabilities
Accrued liabilities		150
Deferred revenues	446	852
Minority interest		785
Other long-term liabilities	1659	10179
Total non-current liabilities	4187	12084
Total liabilities	7004	17911
Stockholders' equity
Common stock	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	3415	7774
Retained earnings	-2322	-2997
Accumulated other comprehensive income	-4	-24
Total stockholders' equity	1089	4753
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	8092	22664


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP (IBM) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Revenue	81741	79919
Cost of revenue	41057	41625
Gross profit	40684	38294
Operating expenses
Research and development	4565	4120
Sales, General and administrative	19894	20479
Other operating expenses	535	590
Total operating expenses	24994	25189
Operating income	15690	13105
Interest Expense	468	630
Other income (expense)	723	-145
Income before taxes	15945	12330
Provision for income taxes	2581	449
Net income from continuing operations	13364	11881
Net income from discontinuing ops	-174	-9
Net income	13190	11872
Net income available to common shareholders	13190	11872
Earnings per share
Basic	13.48	12.43
Diluted	13.42	12.38
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	979	955
Diluted	983	959
EBITDA	20268	17341

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP (IBM) Statement of CASH FLOW
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income	13190	11872
Depreciation & amortization	3855	4381
Deferred income taxes	1387	-1132
Stock based compensation	468	544
Inventory	133	-14
Accounts payable	81	197
Accrued liabilities
Other working capital	-2658	1048
Other non-cash items	552	62
Net cash provided by operating activities	17008	16958
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Investments in property, plant, and equipment	-3579	-3567
Property, plant, and equipment reductions	370	424
Acquisitions, net	-3750	-6133
Purchases of investments	-3073	-5917
Sales/Maturities of investments	2842	5692
Purchases of intangibles	-572	-583
Other investing activities	-397	-892
Net cash used for investing activities	-8159	-10976
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Debt issued	5540	9132
Debt repayment	-5622	-6395
Common stock issued	322	204
Common stock repurchased	-4609	-3502
Dividend paid	-4897	-5256
Other financing activities	100	26
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	-9166	-5791
Effect of exchange rate changes
Net change in cash	-317	191
Cash at beginning of period	8476	7686
Cash at end of period	8159	7877
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow	17008	16958
Capital expenditure	-4151	-4150
Free cash flow	12857	12808

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP (IBM) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET
Fiscal year ends in December. USD in millions except per share data.	2015-12	2016-12
Assets
Current assets
Cash
Cash and cash equivalents	7686	7826
Short-term investments	508	701
Total cash	8194	8527
Receivables	1201	1057
Inventories	1551	1553
Deferred income taxes
Prepaid expenses	4205	4564
Other current assets	27353	28187
Total current assets	42504	43888
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment
Gross property, plant and equipment	29341	60267
Accumulated Depreciation	-18616	-38606
Net property, plant and equipment	10725	21661
Equity and other investments	5187	4585
Goodwill	32021	36199
Intangible assets	3486	4689
Deferred income taxes	4822	5224
Prepaid pension benefit
Other long-term assets	11747	12055
Total non-current assets	67988	84413
Total assets	110492	128301
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Short-term debt	6461	7513
Accounts payable	6028	6209
Taxes payable	2847	3235
Accrued liabilities	7913	8282
Deferred revenues	11021	11035
Other current liabilities	-1	1
Total current liabilities	34269	36275
Non-current liabilities
Long-term debt	33428	34655
Deferred taxes liabilities
Accrued liabilities
Deferred revenues	3771	3600
Pensions and other benefits	16504	17070
Minority interest	162	146
Other long-term liabilities	8099	7478
Total non-current liabilities	61964	62949
Total liabilities	96233	99224
Stockholders' equity
Common stock	53262	53935
Retained earnings	146124	152759
Treasury stock	-155518	-159050
Accumulated other comprehensive income	-29606	-29398
Total stockholders' equity	14262	18246
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	110495	117470

ivorypig770

The goal of the firm is to ____ because _____. Answer maximize shareholders' wealth; it considers all risks invest funds in real estate; the return is longer maximize shareholders' profit; it is a short term outlook closely matching management goals Mike is paying $8,000 a year on his mortgage at 6% nominal annual interest. He has 15 more years to make payments. He wants to sell his house today. The lowest [minimum] price he can sell the house without losing any money on the house would be about ___. Answer $120,000 $ 50,000 $77,698 $ 186,208 A firm's net income before tax, EBT [NIBT] (on the income statement) is affected by _____. Answer taxes interest dividends Common Stock as listed on the Balance Sheet could include which of the following? Answer A) retained earnings B) additional paid in capital over par value C) preferred capital Both A) and B) If an asset is sold for ___ than its basis, the tax effect would be ____. Answer A) more; capital gain and depreciation recapture B) less; depreciation recapture C) more; capital loss Both A) and B) The main reason for a firm to have assets is to _______. Answer generate revenue match the liabilities and equity both of the above be able to borrow money and pay its debts none of the above The only risk you would NOT have in loaning money to the United States Government (Uncle Sugar) is _____ risk. Answer liquidity maturity default A(n) ____ shows _____. Answer balance sheet; sources and uses of funds income statement; net income as of a specific date cash flow statement; how well the firm is doing relative to its competition You can compare dollars _____ because ______. Answer computed using equations; any math is always correct at any point in time; time is never a factor if they are at nominal value; that is when decisions are made only at the same point in time; dollars can be invested to earn interest There ___ a tax benefit to the company with paying preferred dividends because _______. Answer is; investors can write them off is not; investors declare them as income is; the company can use the payments as an expense is not; the company cannot use the payments as an expense XYZ issued a 6% coupon, $1,000 par, 30 year to maturity bond. It is now 6 years to maturity. What is the price of the bond if the yield to maturity [market interest rate] is 10%? Answer $1,000 $659.46 $825.79 $705.33 The valuation process can be described as ______. Answer calculating the present value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate calculating the future value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate amortizing the value of the asset over its holding period The ______ is the minimum required rate of return a firm must earn on its investments. Answer net present value opportunity cost of capital or weighted average cost of capital. internal rate of return gross profit margin The value of an asset is the _____ dollar price someone is willing to pay for it. Answer usual maximum minimum Companies use ____ in capital budgeting project analysis because ________. Answer accounting profit; that is the total net income after tax cash flow; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest accounting profit; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest after tax cash flow; that is the result of prudent accounting When borrowing money, you want to know the ____ interest rate because ____. Answer nominal; it is the easiest to find. effective; it is the true cost of borrowing risk free; that is what the government pays Fed funds; that is what you would pay the bank Cash available to pay out to the investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital is _____. Answer a statement of cash flows operating after tax cash flow free cash flow net income An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals and businesses is a ___. Answer factor federal government regulatory unit state government taxing authority financial intermediary Negatives/cons of the Net Present Value (NPV) technique include: Answer least conservative reinvestment assumption multiple rates of return for non-conventional cash flows all of the above none of the above A fixed exchange rate means a country _____. Answer can only use gold coins as money is limited in the amount of paper money it can print can print money as the economy demands Your company is considering an investment with the following expected cash flows: Initial Investment = $407,596 Operating Cash Flows = $73,428 per year Terminal Cash Flow = $11,872. The company's WACC is 11% for similar risk projects. The proposed project would have an expected life of 9 years. Your boss asks you to do the analysis. You would tell your boss this proposed project ___ because ____. Answer is acceptable; NPV is about $3,620 is acceptable; NPV is zero should be rejected; NPV is about -$5,660 [negative $5,660]. should be rejected; NPV is zero All ratios are ___ and a reason to analyze ratios is ____. Answer good; to continue to look productive good and bad; because seemingly good ratios can be masking something bad bad; to try to rework the numbers to have them look good basically irrelevant; there really is no need to analyze financial statements When analyzing financial statements, ratio analysis gives ____ and provides insight into ____. Answer very little useful information; practically nothing good practice in logical thinking; what has occurred and the logic behind it financiers something to do during slow periods; how the financier spends his time accountants a reason to provide financial statements; why accountants do what they do while at work Given: Economic State[i]: Good Average Expected Return[i]: 10% 8% Probability[i]: 30% 70% What is the Standard Deviation? Answer 3% 8.4% 0.92% 5.6% Chapter 9: XYZ has a projected project to install a new press. The expected cash revenue is $175,000 per year. Expected yearly expenses are: Operatinf costs of $50,000; Rental of $17,000; Utilities of $20,500; and Depreciation of $10,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the expected After-Tax Operating Cash Flow for the first year? Answer $65,500 $60,375 $77,500 $97,500 A stock just paid a dividend of $1.60 per year. The dividend is expected to grow at 3% per year indefinately. Equally risky stocks offer expected rates of return of 8%. What should be the stock price? Answer 53.33 $16.00 $32.96 None of the above. A plot of the CAPM is the _____. Answer wrong thing to do Security Market Line a function showing how to calculate TVM All of the above. Derivatives are used to ___. Answer divide one number by another find old ways to do things hedge risk none of the above With the end of the Gold Standard in the 1970's, what new risk did business face in the international market? Answer Comjpetition Exchange rate Worker compensation Property taxes One of the positive aspects [pros] of a Floating Exchange Rate System is ____. Answer money can be printed as needed to support financial/economic growth no/reduced inflation economic growth is reduced as a result of reduced liquidity [lower money supply] business planning is more difficult A(n) ____ contract obligates the seller to execute the contract and the contract is executed. Answer backwards forward future option What policies did countries institute after the Great War that help lead to the Great Depression? Answer A. Mandatory military service B. Trade restrictions C. High tariffs D. Isolationism Only B., C. and D. All of the above

bluemarten153

Answer True or False to each of the next five (5) statements.

1. Treasury Bills are issued through competitive bidding process at discount from par.

2. In the capital market both short term and long term securities are traded, whereas only short term securities are traded in the money market.

3. Free cash flow represents the amount of money available to the firm, after it has met all operating needs and paid for investments in net fixed assets.

4. Three ratios of liquidity are net working capital, current ratio and acid - test ratio

5. The income statement represents changes within a time period, while the balance sheet reflects levels as at a particular period.

Choose the letter a, b, c, or d that carries the appropriate response:

6. _______________ Serve as intermediaries channelling the savings of individuals, businesses, and governments into loans and investments.

(a) Financial markets

(b) Financial institutions

(d) OTC markets

7. Of the following group of ratios, which would show the combined effect of liquidity, asset management and debt on the overall operating results?

(a) Liquidity ratios

(b) Debt ratios

(d) Profitability ratios

8. XYZ Company Ltd. has EBIT of $1,500,00 million and a 15% tax rate. It had $270,000 in depreciation expenses with a $250,000 increase in working capital. It had another $170,000 in capital expenditures. What is its free cash flow?

(a) $1,125,000

(b) $ 2,850,000

(d) $ 1,500,000

9. Fast Cash Limited charges 1 percent (%) per week on their loans. Assume there are exactly 52 weeks in a year. What is the effective annual rate?

(a) 55.36%

(b) 67.77%

(d) 57.35%

10. _________________ is an annuity that provides its holder with payment dollars at the beginning of each year.

(a) An annuity due

(b) A warrant

(d) An ordinary annuity

11. All of the following statements about bonds are true, except one. Choose the false statement.

(a) If the value of a bond, B_o, is less than its par value, the bond is selling at a discount.

(b) Bonds with short maturities will have less interest rate risk than bonds with longer maturities and equal features.

(d) The discount rate of a bond is synonymous with the bond's required return.

12. The present value of a bond's _____________________________ determines the value of the bond.

(a) Dividend

(b) Coupon payment and maturity value

(c) Coupon payment

(d) Maturity value

13. If the returns on one asset move in the same direction as the returns on another asset then the asset are:

(a) Positively correlated

(b) not correlated

(c) negatively correlated

(d) perfectly positively correlated.

14. Another term for non-diversifiable risk is:

(a) Systematic risk

(b) non- systematic risk

(d) both b and c

15. All of the following statements about stock valuation are true, except one. Choose the false statement.

(a) It is easier to value stock than it is to find the value of bonds.

(b) The value of a share of stock depends on the cash flows investors can expect to by owning that stock

(d) The present value of a stock's dividend determines the value of the stock.

ivorybutterfly448

FINA 365 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Operating Margin, Working Capital, Quick Ratio

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