01:119:116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Stanley Miller, Alexander Oparin, Alpha Helix

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3 Dec 2017

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Primary structure of a protein is its sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in polypeptide chains, secondary structure- hydrogen bonds- r groups do not participate. Tertiary structure- interrelationships of r- groups fold into particular 3-d shape- all types of bonds. H bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, covalent bonds and van der waals. Quaternary structure- two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule- no more folding. Denaturation= loss of a protein"s native structure- a denatured protein is biologically inactive. Denatured by ph, salt concentration + temperature: nucleic acids- monomers are nucleotides. Transmit heredity info + determine protein production- bind together with covalent phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds. Earth is 4. 6 billion years old- fossil evidence of microorganisms: 3. 5 bya. Hypothesis: if life developed from non-living matter, the we expect 4 requirements to be fulfilled: 4 requirements for abiotic synthesis, little or no free oxygen: oxygen breaks bonds (oxidizes) so o2 -> not conducive to building.

Related Questions

Is DNA a protein if so what makes up proteins, if not what it is and what are its monomers called? Describe the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of DNA (this sub-question is independent of the answer to the first question).

Describe electrostatic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals interactions, and hydrogen bonds and give an example of each.

Which of the four classes of amino acids has side chains with the greatest hydrogen-bond-forming potential?

Which has the greatest potential to form electrostatic interactions?

Which class has the greatest potential for hydrophobic interactions?

Of the following amino acids, (K), (Y), and (F), which side-chains would you expect to be the most soluble in a polar aqueous solution? Which the least?

Would you agree with the statement that many different amino acid sequences can fold into the same basic tertiary structure? What data can you cite as evidence for your position?

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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