CHM 145 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Spontaneous Process, Thermodynamics, Boltzmann Constant

• School: Oakland University
• Department: Chemistry
• Course: CHM 145
• Professor: Charlene Hayden

Document Summary

Spontaneous processes: spontaneous process = one that proceeds in a given direction without outside intervention. Sometimes, energy is needed to get started , but the process then continues on its own (e. g. , fire). Note: says nothing about how fast (rate): nonspontaneous process = one that requires a continuous input of energy for it to occur. Example: electrolytic decomposition of water: if a process is spontaneous in one direction, then the reverse process will be nonspontaneous. The concept of entropy: formal definition (~2002): Entropy (s) = a measure of the energy dispersal or energy randomization in a system more energetically equivalent states higher entropy more dispersed or spread out higher entropy: useful concept (~1980): Entropy (s) = a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system: (cid:849)(cid:890)(cid:925)(cid:925)(cid:934)(cid:932)(cid:933)rative example: when a crystalline solid dissolves in water, (cid:933)(cid:921)(cid:918)(cid:849)(cid:931)(cid:918)(cid:932)(cid:934)(cid:925)(cid:933)(cid:922)(cid:927)(cid:920)(cid:849)(cid:932)(cid:928)(cid:925)(cid:934)(cid:933)(cid:922)(cid:928)(cid:927)(cid:849)(cid:922)(cid:932)(cid:849)(cid:926)(cid:928)(cid:931)(cid:918)(cid:849)(cid:1490)(cid:917)(cid:922)(cid:932)(cid:928)(cid:931)(cid:917)(cid:918)(cid:931)(cid:918)(cid:917)(cid:1491)(cid:849)a(cid:927)(cid:917)(cid:849)(cid:926)(cid:928)(cid:931)(cid:918)(cid:849)(cid:1490)(cid:918)(cid:930)(cid:934)(cid:922)(cid:935)a(cid:925)(cid:918)(cid:927)(cid:933)(cid:849) (cid:918)(cid:927)(cid:918)(cid:931)(cid:920)(cid:938)(cid:849)(cid:932)(cid:933)a(cid:933)(cid:918)(cid:932)(cid:1491)(cid:849)(cid:918)(cid:937)(cid:922)(cid:932)(cid:933)(cid:849)(cid:857)(cid:926)(cid:928)(cid:931)(cid:918)(cid:849)(cid:916)(cid:928)(cid:927)(cid:919)(cid:922)(cid:920)(cid:934)(cid:931)a(cid:933)(cid:922)(cid:928)(cid:927)(cid:932)(cid:858). (cid:849) e(cid:927)(cid:933)(cid:931)(cid:928)(cid:929)(cid:938)(cid:849)(cid:922)(cid:927)(cid:916)(cid:931)(cid:918)a(cid:932)(cid:918)(cid:932). (cid:849) Second law of thermodynamics: second law of thermodynamics (~2002):