BIOL 1510 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gregor Mendel, Pea, Pisum

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yellowcattle191

19 May 2017

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An austrian monk who systematically bred thousands of common garden pea plants (pisum saltivum). He indirectly discovered the role of alleles in inheritance. The particular set of alleles carried by an individual. Offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of gene on a chromosome. Having two different alleles for a gene (hetero means mixed). In many cases the effect of one gene influences the other. An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele paired with it. Refers to an allele whose effect is masked by a dominant allele. Method of determining genotype by tracking a trait in the offspring of a cross between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual known to be a homozygous recessive. Diagram that predicts the genetic and phenotypic outcome of a cross. Cross between two individuals identically heterozygous for one gene; for example, aa x aa.

Related Questions

___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

Question 1 Select one answer.

Two heterozygous individuals are crossed. What percentage oftheir offspring will be heterozygous?

a)50%

b)75%

c)100%

d)25%

Question 2 Select one answer.

In peas purple is dominant to white for flower color. A purpleflower is crossed with a white flower. All the offspring (over 100plants) produce purple flowers. What is the genotype of the purpleflower?

a)pp

b)Either PP or Pp

c)PP

d)Pp

Question 3 Select one answer.

A heterozygous germ cell undergoes meiosis. The gametes will

a)only have the recessive allele

b)only have the dominant allele

c)either have the dominant or the recessive allele

d)have both the dominant or the recessive allele

Question 4 Select one answer.

Sex-linked disorders

a)are always dominant are

b)always recessive

c)can be either dominant or recessive

d)are neither dominant nor recessive

Question 5 Select one answer.

A nucleus is built around chromatids which have separated. Thisoccurs during which stage of meiosis?

a)Telophase II

b)Metaphase I

c)Metaphase II

d)Telophase I

Question 6 Select one answer.

The condition of having anincorrect number of chromosomes is called ____________.

a)nondisjunction

b)aneuploidy

c)epistatis

d)trisomy

Question 7 Select oneanswer.

In humans females are

a)XY

b)YY

c)none of these

d)XX

Question 8 Select oneanswer.

Autosomal means that the gene isfound on the

a)X chromosomes

b)the Y chromosome

c)either the X or the Ychromosome

d)neither on the X nor theY

Question 9 Select oneanswer.

What organism did Mendelstudy?

a)Roses

b)Ants

c)Peas

d)Yeast

Question 10 Select oneanswer.

Huntington's disease is anautosomal dominant disorder. If two individuals who areheterozygous at this locus breed, what are the chances that theiroffspring will develop Huntington's?

a)100%

b)75%

c)50%

d)25%

Question 11 Select oneanswer.

Plum gametes have 24 chromosomes.How many chromosomes would a zygote have?

a)12

b)24

c)36

d)48

Question 12 Select oneanswer.

Hydrangeas are blue in acidicsoil with available aluminum, and they are pink in alkaline soilwithout available aluminum, but they cannot be orange under anysoil condition. The color of hydrangeas is affect by

a)genetics only

b)the environment only

c)genetics and theenvironment

Question 13 Select oneanswer.

Somatic mosquito cells have 6chromosomes. How many chromosomes do gametes have?

a)3

b)6

c)12

d)24

Question 14 Select oneanswer.

Alleles are different versions ofa

a)Gene

b)Phenotype

c)Genotype

d)Chromosome

Question 15 Select oneanswer.

A female producesgametes:

a)that have either an X or a Ychromosome

b)That have 2 Xchromosomes

c)that have a Y chromosomeonly

d)that have an X chromosomeonly

Question 16:

use the following infromation to answer the next 4 questions

In dogs, colored fur (E) is dominant to un-colored fur (e).Blackfur color (B) is dominant to brown fur color (b). The E gene isepistatic to the B gene. A yellow male dog is mated to a blackfemale. the male's parents were both brown dogs. The female'smother was yellow and her father was brown

Q1 of 4: what is the genetype of the male dog in thisexample

a)eeBb

b)eeBB

c)ee

d)eebb

Q2 of 4: What is the genotype of the female dog in thisexample?

a)EeBb

b)EEBB

c)EeBB

d)EEBb

Q3 or 4: What percentage of their puppies will be yellow?

a)100%

b)75%

c)50%

d)25%

Q4 of 4: what percentahe of the puppies will be homozygous forthe B gene.

a)100%

b)75%

c)50%

d)25%

carmineprairie-dog596

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL 1510 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Gregor Mendel, Pea, Pisum

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