BIOL 411 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Nuclear Localization Sequence, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Electron Transport Chain
Bio411.01
3/7/16
• Review:
o Rough ER: protein synthesis
o Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and putting proteins where they belong
o ER to golgi transport: via vesicles
o Retrograde transport: vesicles move from golgi to ER
o Proteins move from ER→golgi→final place
▪ Movement is via vesicles
• 2 major organelles in eukaryotic cells: chloroplast and mitochondria
• chloroplast: double membrane bound compartment within a eukaryotic cell
o plants and some bacteria
o action occurs inside both membranes
o stroma: inside of the double membrane
▪ grana: stacks of membranes within stroma where action occurs
• inside of grana: lumen
• thylakoids: membranes of grana
o photosynthesis: light energy converted to chemical energy
▪ generates ATP and reducing power
▪ reducing power: adding a proton (hydrogen)
• NADP→NADPH
o NADPH how has the power to reduce another molecule
(give it its proton)
o Chloroplasts have their own genome to code for photosynthesis
o Also have their own ribosomes to carry out translation
• Mitochondria: produces energy in both animals and plants
o Chemical energy→usable energy in the cell
o Double membrane enclosed compartment
o Action occurs on invaginations of inner membranes: cristae
▪ Electron transport, ATP synthesis takes place here
o Mitochondria have their own genome that encodes some of the stuff they need
to carry out function- energy metabolism, electron transport
▪ Smaller than nuclear genome
o Also have their own ribosomes, which encode components of own translation
system
o Some proteins are brought in and some are encoded within their own genomes
• In both mitochondria and chloroplasts:
o membranes are used to establish gradients
▪ Flow from high concentration to low concentration is used to capture
energy
o Origin of both is endosymbiosis in bacteria
▪ Genome and transcription/translation is similar to bacteria
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