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KIN 360 Lecture 4: KIN 360 Assignment 4

452 views2 pages
cyancockroach510
25 May 2016
School
MSU
Department
Kinesiology
Course
KIN 360
Professor
Mei Lee

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Document Summary

We only saw three-year-olds, however we did compare older three-year-olds to the younger three-year-olds. After observing the kids we asked the teachers if specific kids had just turned three or if they were closer to four-years-old. We did not see any older runners at a lower level, but we did have one runner that was younger who was not as developed as the others. Yes, arm movement could change from step 1 to as far as step 3 while the kids were running. Depending on the movement the kids could switch steps. For example, when the runners would turn a corner around the playground a lot of them would stop swinging one arm or even both arms. It also depends on what the runners were wearing. In our situation the runners were wearing snow pants, winter jackets, hats gloves and boots.

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Related Questions

Jim, A 19-year-old college student, was rock climbing when he fell 30 feet to the ground. Paramedics arriving at the scene found him lying in the supine position, unable to move any extremities and complaining of neck pain. He was awake, alert, and oriented to his current location, the date and day of the week, and the details of his fall. His responses to questioning were appropriate. He complained that he could not feel his arms and legs. His pupils were equal and reactive to light. He showed no other signs of injury except for several scrapes on his arms. His vital signs revealed a blood pressure of 110 / 72, heart rate of 82 beats per minute, respirations of 18 per minute. The paramedics applied a cervical collar, placed him on a back board, immobilized his head, and transported him to the trauma center by helicopter. Upon examination at the hospital, Jim had minimal biceps brachii stretch reflexes, but no triceps or wrist extensor reflexes. All other muscle stretch reflexes in the upper and lower extremities were absent. His perception of sensory stimuli ended bilaterally at an imaginary line drawn across his chest about 3 inches above the nipples (i.e. everything below felt numb). He had some sensation in his arms, but could not localize touch or describe texture with any consistency there. He was able to raise his shoulders and tighten his biceps brachii slightly in each arm, but could not raise either arm against gravity. His lower extremities were flaccid, despite attempts to move them. Vital signs were taken again at the hospital and were as follows: blood pressure=94 / 55; heart rate=64; respiratory rate=24 (with shallow breathing). X-rays taken upon arrival revealed a fractured vertebra at a particular location. A chest X-ray showed a decreased lung expansion upon inhalation. The neurosurgeons immobilized his neck by inserting tongs into the skull above the ears to hold his neck in a position so that no further injury could occur. Jim was transferred to intensive care and his condition was stabilized. A physical examination four days later revealed normal vital signs and no change in his arm strength or sensation, but also marked spasms and exaggerated stretch reflexes of the lower extremities. He also had urinary incontinence which required the placement of a Foley catheter connected to a urine collection bag.

Questions:

1. Why did Jim's heart rate and blood pressure fall in this time of emergency (i.e. at a time when you'd expect just the opposite homeostatic responses)?

2. Upon admission to the hospital, Jim's breathing was rapid and shallow. Can you explain why?

3. Why did he lose some sensation in his arms and all sensation from the upper trunk down?

4. What is the primary muscle of respiration? Which spinal nerves contribute to innervate this muscle? (It’s almost like this question is review…)

5. Based upon the physical exam findings, which vertebral bone do you think was fractured? Give reasons for your answer. (Life’s anatomy knowledge is cumulative…)

6. By four days after the injury, some of Jim's signs and symptoms had changed. His arm muscles were still flaccid, yet his leg muscles had become spastic and exhibited exaggerated stretch reflexes. How would you explain these findings?

For years we have been able to analyze the fossils of extincthumans like those of Neanderthals. Their bones gave us clues to howthey looked, how they lived, and how they might be related to us.In the last few years, we have been able to get a better view intothese extinct species and their relationship to our species. Thanksto next generation genomic sequencing technologies, we have beenable to obtain genetic data on Neanderthals, Denisovans and othersthat have allowed us to make direct comparisons between our speciesand theirs. In addition, we have been able to observe the presenceof DNA from these extinct species within our own genomes which tellus that we had kids with these now extinct humans.

If we take Neanderthal DNA as an example, we find that we share99.5 percent of our DNA with them. Which means that we andNeanderthals were separated from each other for more than 500,000years. This also means that we were genetically similar enough tobe able to have offspring with each other. We see evidence of thisgenetic introgression between us and Neanderthals when we look atour DNA. Interestingly, if we obtain one thousand DNA samples fromGrossmont College students, we estimate that we would be able toextract at least 20% of the Neanderthal genome from them. Thismeans that 20% of our collective nucleotide sequences are sharedwith Neanderthals but this doesn’t mean that 20% of our genes areNeanderthal specific genes. Of the twenty-one thousand genes thatNeanderthals had, only a few dozen of their genes survive withinour genome. The same holds true for Denisovans. What is moreinteresting is that older versions of ourselves have a tendency tohave higher levels of DNA from extinct humans compared toourselves. In other words, over the course of thousands of years wehave been slowly weeding out the DNA of the other humans from ourgenome in favor of our genes.

One basic question that we might like to ask is why have we beenlosing Neanderthal and Denisovan genes over time? Also, why do westill have a significant amount of DNA segments that don’t seem tobe going anywhere? The answer to this has to do with selection.

The answer to the first part of the question has to do with thefact that we were not fully genetically compatible with the otherhuman species to begin with. Basically, to have had Neanderthal orDenisovan genes in the past meant that an individual's level offitness was reduced. To get rid of their genes in favor of our ownwould mean that the relative fitness of individuals would increaseovertime.

The answer to the second question has to do with the fact thatDNA segments from Neanderthals and Denisovans that did not code forproteins remained because there was little selective pressureagainst them. As far as genes are concerned, the only Neanderthaland Denisovan genes that remain only exist because they had aselective advantage or at least have been neutral to ourspecies.

DNA segments that that were neutral or that had a selectiveadvantage, whether genes or not, simply remained because they wereadvantages or there was little selective pressure against them.

Your task for this week is to look for information about oneNeanderthal or Denisovan gene that survive within our species andto tell me what function that gene has and how that gene mayincrease the fitness of modern human populations.

  • In your post, discussONE Neanderthal orDenisovan gene that is currently found within our species.
    • Tell us about the gene and its function. Explain what it doesfor us. (Make sure you give a citation.)
    • Explain in your own words any possible advantages that yourNeanderthal or Denisovan gene might have. Make sure you give ininformed opinion that is grounded in your research.

CASE DEBATE. Write down Background/Summary , Pro Highlights and con highlights ( Min 4 points for both Pro and Cos ) for topic INSIDER TRADING. Topic / Subject: Insider Trading Background/Summary: Pro Highlights Con Highlights Everyone would like to get a stock tip that will yield a huge return on a small investment. That’s human nature. But stock tips can be mixed blessings. Consider the following example: Dr. Sam Waksal developed a promising cancer drug called Erbitux. As the CEO of ImClone, Waksal was an entrepreneur as well as an immunologist. Waksal sold an interest in Erbitux to the pharmaceutical company Bristol Myers for $42 million. It was a Bristol Myers executive who informed Waksal that the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) was not going to approve the drug because there were insuffi cient data to determine its effectiveness; thus, new clinical trials were needed. Investors had expected approval, and once the FDA decision was made public, ImClone stock was certain to face a sharp decline in price. At least in the short term, some people were going to lose a lot of money. One of those people was, of course, Waksal himself. He had millions of shares of ImClone. So did his family. Waksal told his daughter and father to sell their shares. In addition, Waksal transferred 79,000 of his own shares to his daughter to sell. Waksal knew that it was illegal under federal law for him or his family members to trade on inside information. And in the end, all three were indicted and later convicted of violating federal security laws. Waksal was guilty of insider trading. As we pointed out in Chapter 1, insider trading results from information asymmetry, which arises when one party in a business transaction has information that is unavailable to the other parties in the transaction. To be legally actionable, insider trading must involve information that has not been publicly announced, as you might expect. In addition, the information must be material. Material means that the information will cause a significant change in the stock price—the price will go either up or down as a result of the event the information concerns. Examples of material corporate events include the introduction of a new product line, an acquisition, a divestiture, a key executive appointment, and thefailure or success of a product under development. Martha Stewart Enters the Picture Waksal’s conviction is not the only part of this story. Waksal was friends with the celebrity Martha Stewart, who also owned ImClone stock. On the day before the negative FDA announcement, Stewart sold 4,000 shares of ImClone worth $230,000. Did Stewart sell her shares on the basis of inside information regarding the FDA decision? Stewart’s sale certainly looked suspicious, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) started an investigation and asked her to explain her sale. In her discussions with the SEC, Stewart did not admit to insider trading. Stewart claimed that she had a prearranged order in place to sell her Im-Clone stock when it dipped below $60 per share. The stock did dip below $60 the day before the FDA announcement. Federal prosecutors, however, alleged that she and her broker, Peter Bacanovic, had doctored stock transaction records to support her story. In the SEC indictment, it was that they did not believe her explanation. It is also interesting to note that Stewart is not alleged to have received a tip from Waksal himself. Indeed, she contacted Waksal only after the sale, when she called him to ask what was happening to the company. However, it is alleged that her broker, Bacanovic, received a tip that Waksal and his daughter had placed orders to sell shares of ImClone. Martha Stewart was eventually convicted in a criminal trial, but convicted of what? The most serious charges, which involved securities fraud and insider trading, were thrown out of court. She was convicted only of lying to investigators. However, Stewart was also charged in a civil suit, and in that suit, the insider trading charge would have been allowed in court. After serving a jail term, Stewart eventually reached an agreement with the SEC to settle the insider trading accusations. Under the agreement, she had to pay $195,000, covering her gains from the trading and penalties, although she did not admit to any wrongdoing. Conclusions What can we conclude about insider trading? The ethical issues can be analyzed at two levels: At the institutional level, we can ask whether the insider trading laws are ethical. At the individual level, we can ask why a person would engage in this illegal behavior.