DANCEST 805 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Mesolimbic Pathway, Cathode, Freeriding

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cerisehorse30

27 Oct 2020

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When not: why do we cooperate, cultural and social differences in cooperation, theories of cooperation, brain areas involved. Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences 4. Theories of social preferences and the brain 4. Chapter 14: cooperation and coordination from hardman 6. Game theory and behavioral game theory: 6. The prisoner"s dilemma and public goods games 6. The effect of poverty on risk-taking and time-consuming 9. The effect of negative affect and stress on risk-taking and time-discounting 9. Markets, religion, community size and the evolution of fairness and punishment 10. Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior 11. Studying the neurobiology of social interaction with transcranial direct current. Stimulation (tdcs)- the example of punishing unfairness 12. Watch: neuroscience game theory and monkeys the ted talk! Utility functions of emotions include the material and psychological payoffs. Emotions and their effect on behavior can be described using game theory.

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Antonio uses Adderal to treat his ADHD. Scott stole some of Antonio's medication so he could study for an exam. Which of the following best describes Scott's behavior relative to this incident?

Drug dependence

Drug abuse

Drug addiction

All of these answers are correct

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______________ is the key player in the reward system of the brain.

Serotonin

None of these answers are correct

Adrenaline

Dopamine

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Several factors influence how drug users experience the drug effects. The four more important factors are which of the following?

Physiological, social, genetics, and cultural

Psychological, genetics, social, and cultural

Pharmacological, physiological, psychological, and social

Pharmacological, cultural, social, and contextual

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Drug abuse usually follows 4 steps of drug use. This is known as the spectrum of psychoactive drugs. What 4 steps are part of this spectrum?

Beneficial, casual, problematic, chronic dependence

Beneficial, casual, abusive, addictive

Beneficial, problematic, chronic dependence, and abusive

Social, abusive, dependent, addictive

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The main neurotransmitter in the reward system is thought of being which of the following?

Dobutamine

Epinephrine

Glutamate

Dopamine

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The rate at which a drug is distributed in the body depends on which of the following?

Its solubility properties

Its tendency to attach to proteins in tissues

Its ability to pass across membranes

Its molecular size

All of these answers are correct

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A period of medical treatment, usually including a 9-12 step program, during which a person is helped to overcome physical and psychological dependence on alcohol or drugs is known as part of the ______________ process.

Withdrawal

Intoxication

Oxidation

Detoxification

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Drug addiction is defined as which of the following?

Pathological condition in which one compulsively uses a drug, despite its negative effects

Using any prescribed drug or over the counter medication for healing purposes

Using a drug excessively, or for purposes for which it was not medically intended

Constant use of a chemical to ensure a constant state of happiness

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The rate at which a drug is distributed in the body depends on which of the following properties?

It's solubility properties

Pass across membranes

It's molecular size

All of these answers are correct

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The most commonly abused set of drugs in the USA is which of the following?

Non prescription over the counter drugs

Illegal drugs such as cocaine

Prescription Drugs

All of these answers are correct

There are sometimes conflicts within the same code, between the code and the __________ and between the code and a counselor's value system.

		Judgment
		Ethics
		Law
		Value

2 points

Question 2

Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics highlights important issues within the __________________________________.

		Privacy Act
		Confidentiality Act
		Professional's Responsibility
		Counseling relationship

2 points

Question 3

______________________ in a code sometimes lag behind the values of society and of professional associations.

		Laws
		Attitudes
		Values
		Beliefs

2 points

Question 4

Which section was added to the latest edition of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)?

		Resolving Ethical Issues
		Advocacy and Social Justice
		Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
		Research and Publication

2 points

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the ethical "hot spots" identified in this chapter?

		Gatekeeping
		Social and Cultural Issues
		Informed Consent
		Technology

2 points

Question 6

Which of the following is not a type of ethical decision-making model discussed in the text?

		Problem-solving model
		Advocacy model
		Social constructivist model
		Developmental model

2 points

Question 7

_______________ has to do with protecting the independences, self-determination and freedom of choice for client.

		Nonmaleficence
		Beneficence
		Justice
		Autonomy

2 points

Question 8

People who have this view of the world, see things in black and white, are very concrete, rigid, and authoritarian.

		Dualistic
		Modern
		Post-modern
		Flexible

2 points

Question 9

Which section of the ACA Ethical Code (2014) offers guidelines on how to report an ethical violation?

		Section B
		Section I
		Section E
		Section A

2 points

Question 10

.__________ is the responsibility under the law for a violation of federal or state criminal statute.

		Beneficence
		Nonmaleficence
		Civil liability
		Criminal liability

2 points

Question 11

To prove that they are following the best practices of their professions, counselors should:

		Know relevant laws
		Maintain good records
		Stay professional with clients
		All of the above.

2 points

Question 12

______________ is the most rigorous form of credentialing.

		Accreditation
		Licensure
		Certification
		Registration

2 points

Question 13

Theories help counselors and other helping professionals in the following way(s):

		conceptualizing clients' problems
		necessary to become a licensed psychotherapist
		offer specific techniques to apply
		both a and c

2 points

Question 14

What is a paradigm shift?

		A change like a universe.
		A change in the way information is perceived.
		A change in theory.
		A change in human nature.

2 points

Question 15

Do psychodynamic theories consider which of the following to be important in understanding a person's functioning?

		Child-rearing practices
		The unconscious and conscious
		Examining the past
		All of the above

2 points

Question 16

Sigmund Freud was trained as a:

		Physician
		Counselor
		Caseworker
		Social worker

2 points

Question 17

Freud believed that there are ____________ structures that make up personality.

		1
		2
		3
		4

2 points

Question 18

Freud, and later his daughter Anna Freud, identified a number of _______________ that help people to cope with anxiety.

		Defense skills
		Coping mechanisms
		Coping skills
		Defense mechanisms

2 points

Question 19

___________ believed that each of us has a unique psychological type which includes the attitudes of extraversion and introversion.

		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung
		Cattell

2 points

Question 20

_______________________ believed that every child was born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toard the future, not determined by the past.

		Adler
		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung

2 points

Question 21

Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a phenomenological perspective, stressing all but which of the following?

		The subjective reality of the client
		the role of the unconscious
		How the counselor uses his or her personal qualities in counseling
		the importance of consciousness and/or awareness

2 points

Question 22

Although Ludwig Binswanger is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist, who is seen as the person who popularized this approach through "logotherapy"?

		Irvin Yalom
		Carl Rogers
		Alfred Adler
		Viktor Frankl

2 points

Question 23

____________________ developed client-centered therapy.

		Carl Jung
		Viktor Frankl
		Carl Rogers
		Ludwig Binswanger

2 points

Question 24

Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant state of ______________ through a process of need identification and need-fulfillment.

		Self-regulation
		Self-actualization
		Existential crisis
		Emotional distress

2 points

Question 25

This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis during the 1950s.

		Psychodynamic therapy
		Behavioral therapy
		Cognitive therapy
		Rational emotive therapy

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1) Castrated male rats can have their mating behaviors restored by:
A) injections of estrogen into the hypothalamus.
B) injections of testosterone into the hypothalamus.
C) injections of testosterone into the hippocampus.
D) both A and B.
E) none of the above.

2) Research examining the biological differences between homosexual and heterosexual men and women have shown that:
A) homosexual and heterosexual males have no differences in brain structure.
B) homosexuals have a higher probability of having a homosexual sibling than do heterosexuals.
C) the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men.
D) homosexuality in families follows paternal lines.
E) homosexuality is only related to societal and cultural influences.

3) Which of the following are most likely to show preferences for masculine toys?
A) women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
B) female vervet monkeys.
C) men with Turnerâs syndrome.
D) men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
E) women with Turner's syndrome.

4) The capacity of some human couples to pair bond may reflect the activity of
A) oxytocin and dopamine.
B) glutamate and glycine.
C) dopamine and vasopressin.
D) vasopressin and oxytocin.
E) acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

5) Which of the following would be expected in a rat after stimulating central nucleus of the amygdala?
A) behavioral signs of fear
B) reduced secretion of gastric acids into the stomach
C) the rat would be more tame when handled by humans
D) lower levels of stress hormones in the blood
E) euphoria and sedation

6) Cannon disagreed with William Jamesâs theory of emotion because:
A) emotion can be felt before the sympathetic stress response is initiated.
B) emotion is not dependent upon the cortex as suggested by sham rage.
C) many emotions elicit the same bodily responses.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

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DANCEST 805 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Mesolimbic Pathway, Cathode, Freeriding

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